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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Mol Mutagen. 2023 Mar 7;64(4):202–233. doi: 10.1002/em.22534

TABLE 10.

Summary of in vitro genetic toxicity testing for glyphosate, related chemicals, and GBFs

Test article MultiFlow Assay Micronucleusd Assay Bacterial reverse mutation assays
Chemicals
Glyphosate Non-genotoxic, ±S9 Negative Negative, ±S9
Glyphosate IPA Non-genotoxic, ±S9 Positive Negative, ±S9
AMPA Non-genotoxic, ±S9 Negative Negative, ±S9
Diquat dibromide monohydrate Clastogenic, ±S9 Positive Negative, ±S9
Metolachlor Clastogenic, −S9 Non-genotoxic +S9 Positive Negative, ±S9
Mesotrione Non-genotoxic, ±S9 Positive Positive, ±S9
Agricultural GBFs
Buccaneer® Plus Non-genotoxic, ±S9 Equivocal Negative, ±S9
Cornerstone® Plus Non-genotoxic, ±S9 Negative Negative, ±S9
Durango DMA Non-genotoxic, ±S9 Equivocal Negative, ±S9
GlyStar® Plus Non-genotoxic, ±S9 Negative Negative, ±S9
aHalex® GT Clastogenic, −S9 Non-genotoxic +S9 Not Determinede Negative, ±S9
Roundup Custom® Clastogenic, −S9 Weakly Positive Negative, ±S9
Non-genotoxic +S9
Roundup PowerMAX® Non-genotoxic, ±S9 Equivocal Negative, ±S9
Roundup WeatherMAX® Non-genotoxic, ±S9 Negative Negative, ±S9
Touchdown Total® Not Determinedc Negative Negative, ±S9
Residential GBFs
bRoundup® Weed & Grass Killer Concentrate Plus Non-genotoxic, ±S9 Equivocal Negative, ±S9
Roundup® Weed & Grass Killer Super Concentrate Non-genotoxic, ±S9 Negative Negative, ±S9
Hi-Yield® KILLZALL™ II Non-genotoxic, ±S9 Negative Negative, ±S9
Remuda® Full Strength Non-genotoxic, ±S9 Weakly positive Negative, ±S9
a

Contains two additional herbicides: 20.5% S-metolachlor and 2.05% mesotrione.

b

Contains one additional herbicide: 0.73% diquat dibromide monohydrate.

c

Not determined due to inconsistent cytotoxicity results specifically in the MultiFlow assay compared to the cleaved PARP concentration-range finding study and the micronucleus assay.

d

Results from 24-h and 4-h ±S9 experiments are integrated into a single, overall call. All 6 test articles that showed activity in the micronucleus assay were active −S9, and diquat dibromide and Remuda Full Strength were also active +S9.

e

Two independent experiments for each of the three experimental conditions for the micronucleus assay were conducted for Halex GT. Although these experiments had concentrations that met criteria for acceptable levels of cytotoxicity, Halex GT produced excess EMA-positive events at every concentration tested for all 6 experiments.