TABLE 1.
Summary characteristics of primary data input studies informing Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 modelled epidemiologic estimates of low back pain, neck pain, and knee osteoarthritis in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Spain, and Switzerland, 1990–2019. a
| Study | RoB | N | Period | Prevalence % | Study | RoB | N | Period | Prevalence % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LBP — Australia | LBP — Spain (cont.) | ||||||||
| NHS 1995 [27, 28] | Mod | 53,828 | Point | 17.6 (17.0–18.2) | Miró 2007 [75] | Low | 592 | 3 mo | 43.9 (39.9–47.9) |
| NHS 2001 [29, 30] | Mod | 26,863 | Point | 21.0 (20.4–21.6) | Pellisé 2009 [23] | Low | 1,470 | 1 mo | 39.8 (36.3–43.3) |
| SDAC 2003 [31, 32] | Mod | 41,386 | 12 mo | 3.1 (2.9–3.3) | HBSC 2010 [76] | Mod | 11,230 | 6 mo | 38.1 (36.8–39.4) |
| WHS 2003 [33] | Mod | 1,846 | 1 mo | 44.1 (40.8–47.3) | Fernández de las Peñas 2011 [77, 78] | Low | 29,478 | 12 mo | 19.9 (19.3–20.5) |
| Walker 2004 [34] | Low | 1,913 | Point | 25.6 (23.7–27.6) | Balagué 2012 [24] | Low | 1,470 | 1 mo | 39.8 (36.3–43.3) |
| NHS 2004–2005 [35, 36] | Mod | 25,906 | Point | 16.4 (15.8–17.0) | Eurobarometer 2012 [79, 80] | Low | 1,026 | 1 wk | 7.9 (6.0–9.8) |
| Grimmer 2006 [37] | Low | 434 | 1 wk | 7.1 (3.7–10.5) | Jiménez Sánchez 2012 [26, 81] | Mod | 12,190 | 12 mo | 11.1 (10.5–11.7) |
| NHS 2007–2008 [38, 39] | Mod | 20,788 | Point | 14.5 (13.7–15.3) | Rodríguez Oviedo 2012 [82] | High | 1,403 | 12 mo | 25.9 (22.7–29.1) |
| SDAC 2009 [40, 41] | Mod | 73,683 | 12 mo | 2.9 (2.8–3.0) | Vargas Prada 2013 [83] | Mod | 1,105 | 12 mo | 63.6 (59.6–67.6) |
| HBSC Austria 2010 [42] | Mod | 6,493 | 6 mo | 37.1 (35.4–38.8) | Mesas 2014 [84, 85] | Low | 8,283 | 12 mo | 14.1 (13.4–14.8) |
| Broom 2012 [43] | Mod | 9,820 | 12 mo | 54.8 (53.8–55.8) | Koyanagi 2015 [86, 87] | Mod | 3,625 | 1 mo | 45.1 (42.2–48.0) |
| O'Sullivan 2012 [44] | Mod | 1,288 | 1 mo | 12.3 (9.8–14.8) | LBP — Switzerland | ||||
| LBP — Brazil | Balagué 1994 [88] | Mod | 1,716 | 1 wk | 12.0 (10.4–13.6) | ||||
| WHS 2003 [45] | Low | 4,999 | 1 mo | 52.6 (50.6–54.6) | HBSC 1998 [56] | Mod | 5,520 | 6 mo | 8.0–23.0 (95% CIs NR) |
| Silva 2004 [46] | Mod | 3,182 | Point | 4.2 (3.5–4.9) | SHP 1999–2000 [89, 90] | Mod | 7,799 | 12 mo | 34.2 (33.1–35.3) |
| Mendoza-Sassi 2006 [47] | Mod | 1,259 | 2 mo | 35.1 (32.5–37.7) | Santos-Eggimann 2000 [91] | Mod | 3,227 | 12 mo | 9.5–38.5 (5.4–48.0) b |
| Blay 2007 [48] | Mod | 6,961 | 6 mo | 43.2 (41.9–44.3) | SHP 2000–2001 [89, 90] | Mod | 7,073 | 12 mo | 38.7 (37.6–39.8) |
| De Vitta 2011 [49] | Low | 1,236 | 12 mo | 19.5 (17.3–21.7) | SHP 2001–2002 [89, 90] | Mod | 6,601 | 12 mo | 38.4 (37.2–39.6) |
| Ferreira 2011 [50] | Low | 972 | 12 mo | 40.0 (36.9–43.2) | HBSC 2002 [59, 92] | Mod | 9,275 | 6 mo | 38.6 (37.2–40.0) |
| Onofrio 2012 [51] | Low | 1,233 | 1 mo | 13.7 (11.8–15.6) | SHP 2002–2003 [89, 90] | Mod | 5,700 | 12 mo | 37.8 (36.5–39.1) |
| Meziat Filho 2015 [52] | High | 1,102 | 1 mo | 28.6 (25.9–31.2) | SHP 2003–2004 [89, 90] | Mod | 5,220 | 12 mo | 35.8 (34.5–37.1) |
| Depintor 2016 [53] | Low | 826 | 1 mo | 18.4 (15.8–21.2) | SHP 2004–2005 [89, 90] | Mod | 8,065 | 4 wk | 44.8 (43.7–45.9) |
| Noll 2016 [54] | Mod | 1,597 | 3 mo | 55.7 (53.1–58.3) | HBSC 2006 [92, 62, 93] | Mod | 9,507 | 6 mo | 42.4 (41.0–43.8) |
| LBP — Canada | SHP 2006–2007 [89, 90] | Mod | 6,657 | 4 wk | 44.7 (43.5–45.9) | ||||
| Liira 1996 [55] | Mod | 38,540 | Point | 7.8 (7.2–8.4) | SHP 2007–2008 [89, 90] | Mod | 6,979 | 4 wk | 45.3 (44.1–46.5) |
| HBSC 1997–1998 [56, 57] | Mod | 6,215 | 6 mo | 49.7 (47.9–51.5) | SHP 2008–2009 [89, 90] | Mod | 6,903 | 4 wk | 44.8 (43.6–46.0) |
| Cassidy 1998 [58] | Low | 1,131 | Point | 28.7 (26.1–31.4) | Pellisé 2009 [23] | Low | 1,470 | 1 mo | 39.8 (36.3–43.3) |
| HBSC 2002 [59, 60] | Mod | 4,458 | 6 mo | 41.2 (39.2–43.2) | HBSC 2010 [92, 64, 94] | Mod | 9,886 | 6 mo | 41.8 (40.4–43.2) |
| Currie 2004 [61] | Mod | 118,533 | 12 mo | 8.9 (8.7–9.1) | Erne 2011 [95] | Mod | 189 | 1 mo | 13.8 (6.8–20.8) |
| HBSC 2005 [62, 63] | Mod | 9,670 | 6 mo | 46.6 (45.2–48.0) | Kolb 2011 [96] | Mod | 3,881 | 12 mo | 33.2 (31.7–34.7) |
| HBSC 2010 [64, 65] | Mod | 26,078 | 6 mo | 44.0 (43.1–44.9) | Balagué 2012 [24] | Low | 1,470 | 1 mo | 39.8 (36.3–43.3) |
| LBP — Spain | NP — Brazil | ||||||||
| Ballina García 1994 [66] | Mod | 702 | 12 mo | 28.2 (23.9–31.0) | Genebra 2017 [97] | Low | 600 | 12 mo | 20.3 (17.3–23.7) |
| Carmona 2001 [25, 67] | Low | 2,192 | Point | 14.8 (12.2–17.4) | NP — Spain | ||||
| Català 2002 [68] | Mod | 5,000 | Point | 11.9 (10.6–13.2) | Jiménez Sánchez 2012 [26, 81] | Mod | 12,190 | 12 mo | 6.0 (5.6–6.4) |
| HBSC 2002 [59, 69] | Mod | 13,552 | 6 mo | 42.5 (41.3–43.7) | Knee OA — Canada | ||||
| WHS 2002–2003 [70] | Mod | 6,275 | 1 mo | 35.1 (33.4–36.8) | Plotnikoff 2015 [98, 99] | Mod | 4,733 | Point | 10.5 (9.3–11.7) |
| HBSC 2006 [62, 71] | Mod | 21,811 | 6 mo | 38.6 (37.7–39.5) | Knee OA — Spain | ||||
| Pinto Meza 2006 [72] | Mod | 2,121 | 12 mo | 14.7 (12.3–17.1) | Carmona 2001 [25, 67] | Low | 2,192 | 1 mo | 10.2 (8.5–11.9) |
| Demyttenaere 2007 [73, 74] | Low | 2,121 | 12 mo | 14.7 (12.6–16.8) | Fernández López 2008 [100] | Low | 2,192 | 1 mo | 10.2 (7.9–12.5) |
There were no primary data input studies for neck pain from Australia, Canada, and Switzerland, as well as no primary data input studies for knee OA from Australia, Brazil, and Switzerland. Prevalence estimates are reported as point estimates with 95% CIs.
Range of strata-specific prevalence estimates and confidence intervals for different age groups and genders; overall total prevalence estimate not reported.
CI, confidence interval; HBSC, Health Behaviour in School-aged Children; LBP, low back pain; mo, months; Mod, moderate; N, study size; NHS, National Health Survey; NP, neck pain; NR, not reported; OA, osteoarthritis; Period, prevalence period; RoB, overall study risk of bias; SDAC, Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers; SHP, Swiss Household Panel; WHS, World Health Survey; wk, weeks.