Table 1.
Different composite hydrogels with their advantages and disadvantages.
| Composite hydrogels | Type of additive | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gtn-HPA (Wang et al., 2010) | Synthetic organics | Adjust the hydrogel stiffness by changing the concentration of H2O2 | Slow-release performance to be improved; no electrical conductivity; no antioxidant capacity |
| Grooved GelMA-MXene (Cai et al., 2022) | Synthetic organics, nano-materials | Increase electrical conductivity and promote nerve repair; direct cell migration | Slow-release performance to be improved; no antioxidant capacity |
| MnO2 NPs-HA (Li L. et al., 2019) | Nanoparticles | Mitigate the oxidative environment and improve the viability of MSCs | Slow-release performance to be improved; no electrical conductivity |
| ZnO NPs-Gel (Lin et al., 2021) | Nanoparticles | Reduce ROS production and improve pathological microenvironment | Slow-release performance to be improved; no electrical conductivity |
| GelMA-CN (De Vasconcelos et al., 2020) | Nanotubes | Conductive, promoting neuronal growth | Slow-release performance to be improved; no antioxidant capacity |
| HA-MS(PLGA) (Wen et al., 2016) | Microspheres | Sustained drug (VEGF) release for improved drug utilization | No oxidation resistance; no electrical conductivity |
| Lap-MS (PLGA) (Zhang et al., 2021) | Microspheres | Achieve stable and sustained Mel release for improved drug utilization | No oxidation resistance; no electrical conductivity |