Table 1. Summary of study characteristics.
| Characteristics | N = 101 |
|---|---|
| Study aims | |
| measurement of water contact | 10 (9.9%) |
| other aim | 91 (90.1%) |
| Continent | |
| Africa | 78 (77.2%) |
| Asia | 10 (9.9%) |
| South America | 13 (12.9%) |
| Locality | |
| rural | 77 (76.2%) |
| urban | 4 (4.0%) |
| mixeda | 20 (19.8%) |
| Study setting | |
| community | 63 (62.4%) |
| school | 31 (30.7%) |
| otherb | 7 (6.9%) |
| Population c | |
| PSACs/SACs | 33 (32.7%) |
| PSACs/SACs/adults | 68 (67.3%) |
| Schistosoma species | |
| S. haematobium | 47 (46.5%) |
| S. mansoni | 42 (41.6%) |
| S. japonicum | 5 (5.0%) |
| multiple species | 7 (6.9%) |
| Endemicity | |
| low (<10% prevalence) | 14 (13.9%) |
| medium (10–49% prevalence) | 65 (64.4%) |
| high (≥50% prevalence) | 22 (21.8%) |
| Köppen-Geiger climate zone | |
| arid, desert, hot | 13 (12.9%) |
| arid, steppe, hot | 6 (5.9%) |
| temperate, dry summer, warm summer | 1 (1.0%) |
| temperate, dry winter, hot summer | 3 (3.0%) |
| temperate, dry winter, warm summer | 4 (4.0%) |
| temperate, no dry season, hot summer | 10 (9.9%) |
| tropical, monsoon | 11 (10.9%) |
| tropical, rainforest | 3 (3.0%) |
| tropical, savannah | 50 (49.5%) |
| Water setting | |
| river | 58 (57.4%) |
| stream | 35 (34.7%) |
| lake | 24 (23.8%) |
| pond | 21 (20.8%) |
| dam/reservoir | 10 (9.9%) |
| canal | 10 (9.9%) |
| field | 3 (3.0%) |
| swamp | 2 (2.0%) |
| Number of waterbodies studied | |
| single | 65 (64.4%) |
| multipled | 36 (35.6%) |
| Nature of waterbody | |
| artificial waterbody | 19 (18.8%) |
| natural waterbody | 82 (81.2%) |
| Flow of waterbody | |
| flowing waterbody | 46 (45.5%) |
| stagnant waterbody | 55 (54.5%) |
| Measurement tool | |
| direct water contact observation | 4 (4.0%) |
| survey | 97 (96.0%) |
| Water contact dimension | |
| any water contact | 33 (32.7%) |
| frequency | 27 (26.7%) |
| duration | 6 (5.9%) |
| activity | 70 (69.3%) |
| Study design | |
| case-control | 4 (4.0%) |
| cohort | 10 (9.9%) |
| cross-sectional | 86 (85.1%) |
| randomised controlled trial | 1 (1.0%) |
| Study quality | |
| low | 46 (45.5%) |
| moderate | 49 (48.5%) |
| high | 6 (5.9%) |
aLocality (‘mixed’) = study areas that include both rural and (peri-)urban areas.
bStudy setting (‘other’) = health clinic or multiple settings.
cPopulation (‘PSACs’) = pre-school-age children. Population (‘SACs’) = school-age children.
dNumber of waterbodies (‘multiple’) = multiple different water settings included in the study (e.g. river and lake).
Full references of all included studies are provided in S1 Table.