Fig. 4. The nanoDEX attenuated lung injury in an acute pneumonia mouse model and suppressed bone density reduction in an osteoporosis rat model.

(A) Schematic showing the treatment schedule in an acute pneumonia mouse model. (B) The cytokine productions in the lung homogenate after indicated treatments. (C) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)–stained lung tissues after indicated treatments. Scale bars, 50 μm. (D) Schematic showing the treatment schedule in a GIO rat model. (E) Body weight change curves after indicated treatments. (F) Bone mineral density (BMD) analysis in total body, femur shaft, and femur neck. (G) Bone gray weight, dry weight, and gray/dry ratio analysis after indicated treatments. (H) Ca²⁺ and P⁵⁺ content in the bone after indicated treatments. All data are presented as means ± SD [n = 6 (B) and n = 8 (E to H)]. Statistical significance was calculated via ordinary one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s test (B and F to H) or two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test (E). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001. i.t., intratracheal; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; q.o.d., every other day.