Fig. 3.

Changes in pupil diameter and psychological arousal. A) and C) A time series of pupil dilation and psychological arousal, respectively. B) and D) Individual changes in pupil diameter and psychological arousal ([Exe − Pre in exercise condition] − [Exe − Pre in control condition]). Note that (B) and (D) are only included to visually show changes in parameters; statistical analysis was conducted using raw data. Blue and gray lines represent the exercise and control conditions, respectively. ^*: P < 0.05 and ^**: P < 0.01 between conditions. a: P < 0.05 and b: P < 0.01 compared to Pre.