TABLE 4.
Multivariable multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression analysis of determinants of dietary diversity in East Africa countries from 2015 to 2020.
| Variables | Models | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Null model | Model-I | Model-II | Model-II | |
| AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
| Age of Child (Months) | ||||
| 6–23 | — | 1.33 (0.18–9.96) | — | 1.21 (0.16–9.11) |
| 24–59 | — | Ref. | — | Ref. |
| Child Twin | ||||
| No | — | Ref. | — | Ref. |
| Yes | — | 0.59 (0.33–1.05) | — | 0.55 (0.31–0.98)* |
| Mothers Age (Years) | ||||
| 15–24 | — | Ref. | — | Ref. |
| 25–34 | — | 1.01 (0.84–1.21) | — | 1.02 (0.84–1.22) |
| 35–49 | — | 0.70 (0.54–0.92)* | — | 0.70 (0.53–0.91)* |
| Mothers Education | ||||
| No Education | — | Ref. | — | Ref. |
| Primary | — | 1.47 (1.20–1.80)** | — | 1.41 (1.12–1.77)** |
| Secondary | — | 1.90 (1.48–2.46)** | — | 1.98 (1.50–2.63)** |
| Higher | 3.03 (2.02–4.53)** | — | 3.04 (1.99–4.64)** | |
| Mothers occupation | ||||
| No Occupation | — | Ref. | — | Ref. |
| Had Occupation | — | 1.41 (1.22–1.62)** | — | 1.29 (1.11–1.49)** |
| Birth Order | ||||
| First Order | — | Ref. | — | Ref. |
| Two to Fourth order | — | 0.99 (0.83–1.20) | — | 1.01 (0.84–1.22) |
| Fifth and above order | — | 1.24 (0.93–1.64) | — | 1.28 (0.96–1.70) |
| Sex of HH Head | ||||
| Female | — | Ref. | — | Ref. |
| Male | — | 1.42 (1.18–1.70)** | — | 1.41 (1.17–1.69)** |
| Wealth Index | ||||
| Poor | — | Ref. | — | Ref. |
| Middle | — | 1.29 (1.07–1.54)* | — | 1.27 (1.05–1.52)* |
| Rich | — | 2.07 (1.74–2.46)** | — | 1.85 (1.53–2.24)** |
| Media Exposure | ||||
| No | — | Ref. | — | Ref. |
| Yes | — | 1.53 (1.32–1.79)** | — | 1.44 (1.23–1.68)** |
| Partner Education | ||||
| No Education | — | Ref. | — | Ref. |
| Primary | — | 1.29 (1.04–1.60)* | — | 1.25 (1.01–1.55)* |
| Secondary | — | 1.38 (1.07–1.77)* | — | 1.50 (1.16–1.93)** |
| Higher | — | 2.00 (1.42–2.83)* | — | 2.03 (1.43–2.89)** |
| Number of HH Members | ||||
| ≤5 | — | Ref. | — | Ref. |
| 6 and Above | — | 0.92 (0.79–1.07) | — | 0.81 (0.85–1.10) |
| Number of under 5 children | ||||
| ≤2 | — | Ref. | — | Ref. |
| 3 and Above | — | 0.86 (0.71–01.06) | — | 0.88 (0.72–1.08) |
| Age at 1st birth | ||||
| <20 | — | Ref. | — | Ref. |
| 20–30 | — | 1.38 (1.19–1.59)** | — | 1.32 (1.14–1.52)** |
| 31–49 | — | 1.41 (0.80–2.47) | — | 1.28 (0.73–2.25) |
| Number of ANC Visit | ||||
| No Visit | — | Ref. | — | Ref. |
| 1–3 Visit | — | 1.03 (0.75–1.40) | — | 0.92 (0.66–1.26) |
| 4 and above visit | — | 0.99 (0.0.73–1.36) | — | 0.95 (0.69–1.30) |
| Place of Delivery | ||||
| Home | — | Ref. | — | Ref. |
| Health Institution | — | 1.36 (1.13–1.65)** | — | 1.26 (1.04–1.54)* |
| Post-natal check with in 2 months | ||||
| No | — | Ref. | — | Ref. |
| Yes | — | 1.09 (0.95–1.26) | — | 1.24 (1.07–1.45)** |
| Meal Frequency | ||||
| One Time | — | Ref. | — | Ref. |
| Two Time | — | 1.38 (1.15–1.65)** | — | 1.37 (1.14–1.64)** |
| Three Time | — | 2.07 (1.72–2.50)** | — | 2.09 (1.73–2.52)** |
| Four and above | — | 2.83 (2.29–3.50)** | — | 2.96 (2.39–3.66)** |
| Community Level Education | ||||
| Lower | — | — | Ref. | Ref. |
| Higher | — | — | 1.60 (1.30–1.97)** | 0.95 (0.72–1.25) |
| Residence | ||||
| Rural | — | — | Ref. | Ref. |
| Urban | — | — | 3.62 (3.02–4.34)** | 1.33 (1.08–1.63)** |
| Country | ||||
| Ethiopia | — | — | Ref. | Ref. |
| Burundi | — | — | 1.47 (1.05–2.07)* | 1.29 (0.91–1.83) |
| Malawi | — | — | 2.92 (2.09–4.08)** | 2.04 (1.44–2.89)** |
| Rwanda | — | — | 3.52 (2.48–5.01)** | 2.08 (1.44–3.00)** |
| Tanzania | — | — | 2.17 (1.58–2.99)** | 1.45 (1.05–2.01)* |
| Uganda | — | — | 2.38 (1.70–3.35)** | 1.63 (1.15–2.33)** |
| Zambia | — | — | 1.13 (0.82–1.59) | 0.77 (0.54–1.09) |
| Zimbabwe | — | — | 1.23 (0.85–1.79) | 0.65 (0.44–0.96)* |
| Random Effects | ||||
| Community Variance (SE) | 3.47 (0.22) | 1.63 (0.15) | 2.74 (0.18) | 1.56 (0.14) |
| ICC(%) | 51.38% | 33.17% | 45.45% | 32.20% |
| PCV(%) | Ref. | 53.02% | 21.04% | 55.04% |
| MOR | 5.87 | 3.36 | 4.82 | 3.27 |
| Model Comparison | ||||
| AIC | 16060.65 | 9313.72 | 15750.3 | 9251.57 |
| BIC | 16077.07 | 9532.01 | 15840.6 | 9531.60 |
The bold value indicates AIC and BIC implies the Model with the smallest AIC and BIC which suggests it is the best parsimonious model in this study.
The symbol “**” implies the statistical significance with p-value less than 0.001 and the symbol “*, **” implies the statistical significance with p-value less than 0.05.