Table 2 –
Demographic, Arrest and Post Arrest Characteristics Among Children with Unfavorable and Favorable Outcomes at Discharge.
| All (n = 44) | Discharge Outcome | P-value1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unfavorable (n = 13) | Favorable (n = 31) | |||
| Age at arrest in years, median (IQR) | 5.3 (1.3, 12.6) | 1.1 (0.6, 8.0) | 6.7 (2.1, 13.4) | 0.07 |
| Time to follow-up in years, median (IQR) | 5.6 (4.4, 8.9) | 5.7 (5.2, 9.2) | 5.0 (3.8, 8.8) | 0.14 |
| Age at follow-up in years, median (IQR) | 12 (7.5, 18) | 11 (8, 13) | 14 (7, 19) | 0.31 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 19 (43.2) | 10 (30.8) | 15 (48.4) | 0.34 |
| Race, n (%) | 0.46 | |||
| White | 31 (70.5) | 8 (61.5) | 23 (74.2) | |
| Black/African American | 9 (20.5) | 4 (30.8) | 5 (16.1) | |
| Asian | 2 (4.6 | 1 (7.7) | 1 (3.2) | |
| Other | 2 (4.6) | 0 (0) | 2 (6.5) | |
| Hispanic ethnicity, n (%) | 3 (6.8) | 1 (7.7) | 2 (6.5) | 1.00 |
| Household income, n (%) | 0.88 | |||
| $0–15,000 | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (3.2) | |
| $15,000–30,000 | 4 (9.1) | 1 (7.7) | 3 (9.7) | |
| $30,000–50,000 | 4 (9.1) | 1 (7.7) | 3 (9.7) | |
| $50,000–100,000 | 9 (20.5) | 2 (15.4) | 7 (22.6) | |
| >$100,000 | 22 (50.0)) | 9 (69.2) | 13 (41.9) | |
| Preferred not to disclose | 4 (9.1) | 0 (0) | 4 (12.9) | |
| Highest maternal education level, n (%) | 0.50 | |||
| Did not graduate high school | 2 (4.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (6.4) | |
| High school graduate | 8 (18.2) | 2 (15.4) | 6 (19.4) | |
| Some college or certificate program | 7 (15.9) | 0 (0) | 7 (22.6) | |
| College graduate | 17 (38.6) | 7 (53.9) | 10 (32.3) | |
| Post-graduate degree | 10 (22.7) | 4 (30.8) | 6 (19.4) | |
| Co-morbidities1, n (%) | ||||
| None | 17 (38.6) | 5 (38.5) | 12 (38.7) | 1.00 |
| Prematurity | 8 (18.2) | 3 (23.1) | 5 (16.1) | 0.68 |
| Congenital heart disease | 8 (18.2) | 1 (7.7) | 7 (22.6) | 0.40 |
| Chronic lung disease | 4 (9.1) | 1 (7.7) | 3 (9.7) | 1.00 |
| Myocardial dysfunction | 2 (4.6) | 1 (7.7) | 1 (3.2) | 1.00 |
| Epilepsy | 4 (9.1) | 0 (0) | 4 (12.9) | 0.30 |
| Neuromuscular disease | 2 (4.6) | 0 (0) | 2 (6.5) | 1.00 |
| Cause of arrest, n (%)1 | ||||
| Drowning | 13 (32.5) | 4 (30.8) | 9 (29.0) | 1.00 |
| Respiratory failure | 8 (20.0) | 3 (23.1) | 5 (16.1) | 1.00 |
| Arrhythmia | 5 (12.5) | 1 (7.7) | 4 (12.9) | 1.00 |
| SIDS | 4 (9.1) | 2 (15.4) | 2 (6.5) | 0.58 |
| Airway obstruction or displacement | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (3.2) | 1.00 |
| Trauma | 1 (2.3) | 1 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.33 |
| Shock | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.2) | 1.00 |
| Multiple causes | 4 (9.1) | 0 (0) | 4 (12.9) | 0.30 |
| Unknown | 8 (18.2) | 2 (15.4) | 6 (19.4) | 1.00 |
| Witnessed arrest, n (%)1 | 22 (50.0) | 4 (30.8) | 18 (58.1) | 0.19 |
| CPR duration in minutes, median (IQR) (n = 35)1 | 5 (1.5, 7) | 6 (2, 26) | 4 (1.3, 5.5) | 0.08 |
| EMS performed CPR, n (%) | 19 (43.2) | 9 (69.2) | 10 (32.3) | 0.044 |
| Bystander performed CPR, n (%) | 40 (90.9) | 10 (76.9) | 30 (96.8) | 0.07 |
| Both, n (%) | 15 (34.1) | 7 (53.9) | 8 (26.7) | 0.048 |
| Unknown, n (%) | 1 (2.3) | 1 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1.00 |
| Initial rhythm, n (%)1 | 0.58 | |||
| Asystole | 3 (6.8) | 1 (7.7) | 2 (6.5) | |
| PEA | 5 (11.4) | 3 (23.1) | 2 (6.5) | |
| Bradycardic | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.2) | |
| Ventricular fibrillation | 8 (18.2) | 2 (15.4) | 6 (19.4) | |
| Ventricular tachycardia | 2 (4.6) | 1 (7.7) | 1 (3.2) | |
| Unknown | 25 (56.8) | 6 (46.2) | 19 (61.3) | |
| No. epinephrine doses administered, median (IQR)1 | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 1) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.005 |
| Intubated during CPR, n (%)1 | 21 (47.7) | 9 (69.2) | 12 (38.7) | 0.10 |
| Received ECMO post-arrest, n (%)1 | 2 (4.6) | 2 (15.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.08 |
| Brain MRI performed post-arrest, n (%)1 | 23 (52.3) | 11 (84.6) | 12 (38.7) | 0.008 |
| Hospital length of stay in days, median (IQR)1 | 11 (5, 20) | 22 (16, 31) | 8 (3, 15) | <0.001 |
| PICU length of stay in days, median (IQR)1 | 6.5 (3, 11) | 12 (10, 24) | 4 (2, 8) | <0.001 |
| Discharge disposition, n (%)1 | 0.012 | |||
| Home | 35 (79.6) | 7 (53.9) | 28 (90.3) | |
| Rehabilitation facility | 7 (15.9) | 5 (38.5) | 2 (6.5) | |
| Long-term care facility | 2 (4.6) | 1 (7.7) | 1 (3.2) | |
Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; SIDS, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; PEA, Pulseless Electrical Activity; ECMO, Extra-Corporeal.
Membrane Oxygenation; PICU, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit.
1
Categorical variables compared using chi-squared test if all cell sizes ≥10 Fisher’s exact test if any cell size <10.