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. 2023 May 30;10:1154144. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1154144

Table 2.

Results of accuracy testing of tibial torsion angle measurements in the torsional deformity model of the canine tibia.

Comparison between anatomical (goniometer) and CT-based (software) tibial torsion angle measurements in a canine tibial torsional deformity model in 13 preset diaphyseal torsion angles
Preset diaphyseal torsion angles (n = 13) Antetorsion positive (+) and retrotorsion negative (−) Tibial torsion angle measurements
Bone: macroscopically manually goniometer measured tibial torsion angle CT-Scan: digitally (software) based angular measurement of the tibial torsion angle
0° (normal) 189.5 189.6
+10° 199.5 199.7
+20° 209.5 209.7
+30° 219.5 219.4
+40° 229.5 229.6
+50° 239.5 239.6
+90° 279.5 276.7
−10° 179.5 179.6
−20° 169.5 169.7
−30° 159.5 159.5
−40° 149.5 149
−50° 139.5 139.5
−90° 99.5 99.8