Table 2.

Summary of select publications on low-dose radiation and circulatory diseases or cataracts published after 2006

First author, year	Design	Study population	Follow-up	Age at exposure	Exposure assessment	Doses	Effect estimate
Circulatory diseases
Vrijheid, 2007	Collaborative cohort study	275,312 workers in 15 countries from 154 facilities who received exposure predominantly from higher-energy photon radiation (X-ray and gamma), worked in the facility for 1+ years, and monitored for external radiation exposure	Variable	Variable	Dosimetric history was reconstructed using recorded photon doses from individual facilities and/or national dose registries	Mean cumulative dose=20.7 mSv	All non-cancer mortality: ERR/Sv=0.20, 95% CI −0.26, 0.72 Circulatory disease mortality: ERR/Sv=0.09, 95% CI −0.43, 0.70 Ischemic heart disease mortality: ERR/Sv=−0.01, 95% CI −0.59, 0.69 Cerebrovascular disease mortality: ERR/Sv=0.88, 95% CI −0.67, 3.16
McGeoghegan, 2008	Cohort	64,937 male employees of British Nuclear Fuels plc (BNFL) in the UK from 1946 to 2002	1946–2002 to 2005	Adults	Film badges used to measure external radiation dose. Internal doses (not used) based on biological samples.	Mean cumulative dose: 53.0 mSv	All non-cancer mortality: ERR/Sv=0.52, 90% CI 0.29, 0.77 Circulatory disease mortality: ERR/Sv=0.65, 90% CI 0.36, 0.98 Ischemic heart disease mortality: ERR/Sv=0.70, 90% 0.33, 1.11 Cerebrovascular disease mortality: ERR/Sv=0.43, 90% CI −0.10, 1.12
Muirhead, 2009	Cohort	174,541 nuclear workers in the National Registry for Radiation Workers (NRRW) in the UK	1955 (or date started working or date from which full dose data were available) through 2001	Adults	Surface exposure from personal dosimeters, mostly X- and γ-rays but also particles and neutrons	Mean cumulative dose: 24.9 mSv	Circulatory disease incidence: ERR/Sv=0.25, 90% CI 0.03, 0.49
Zablotska, 2014	Cohort	63,707 tuberculosis patients exposed to multiple fluoroscopic procedures in 1930–52	1950–1987	n/a	Based on number of fluoroscopic procedures, data on the output of typical fluoroscopes and data from human phantom experiments and physician interviews to ascertain contemporary fluoroscopy practices	Mean cumulative person-time-weighted lung dose=0.79 Gy (0.92 for exposed patients)	Ischemic heart disease mortality: ERR/Gy=0.18, 95% CI 0.01, 0.39
Cataracts
Worgul, 2007	Prevalence analysis embedded in a cohort	8,607 Chernobyl liquidators who underwent an ophthalmologic al examination approximately 12 and 14 years after exposure	n/a	Adults	Dosimetry varied by subgroup depending on available exposure information: badge doses, tasks and movements of early on-site liquidators, and group-dosimetry method, group-estimation method, and tooth enamel electron paramagnetic resonance	67% of workers with lens doses of ≥100 mGy	Stage 1 cataract: OR at 1 Gy=1.49, 95% CI 1.08, 2.06 Stage 2–5 cataract: OR at 1 Gy=1.57, 95% CI 0.79, 3.11
Choddick, 2008	Cohort	35,705 U.S. radiologic technologists	1983–2004	Adults (24–44 years at baseline)	Based on lifetime work history, individual film badge readings, and dose estimates from the literature	Mean cumulative lens dose: 28.1 mGy	ERR/Gy=1.98, 95% CI −0.69, 4.65