Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of participants stratified by sex.
| Variables | Men | Women | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 4,142) | (N = 5,763) | ||
| Varicose veins n, % | <0.0001 | ||
| No | 3,641 (87.90) | 3,753 (65.12) | |
| Yes | 501 (12.10) | 2010 (34.88) | |
| Vegetarian n, % | <0.0001 | ||
| No | 3,804 (91.84) | 5,085 (88.24) | |
| Yes | 338 (8.16) | 678 (11.76) | |
| Age (years) | 49.436 ± 0.169 | 49.561 ± 0.126 | 0.5512 |
| Smoking n, % | <0.0001 | ||
| No | 2,413 (58.26) | 5,530 (95.96) | |
| Yes | 1729 (41.74) | 233 (4.04) | |
| Drinking n, % | <0.0001 | ||
| No | 3,413 (82.40) | 5,637 (97.81) | |
| Yes | 729 (17.60) | 126 (2.19) | |
| Exercise n, % | 0.0043 | ||
| No | 2,321 (56.04) | 3,395 (58.91) | |
| Yes | 1821 (43.96) | 2,368 (41.09) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) n, % | <0.0001 | ||
| Normal weight | 1,506 (36.36) | 3,377 (58.60) | |
| Underweight | 47 (1.13) | 174 (3.02) | |
| Overweight | 1,502 (36.26) | 1,353 (23.48) | |
| Obese | 1,087 (26.24) | 859 (14.91) | |
| Education level n, % | <0.0001 | ||
| Elementary and below | 120 (2.90) | 353 (6.13) | |
| Junior and Senior High School | 1,364 (32.93) | 2,792 (48.45) | |
| University and above | 2,658 (64.17) | 2,618 (45.43) | |
| Job type n, % | 0.2906 | ||
| Non-prolonged standing | 1,573 (37.98) | 2,249 (39.02) | |
| Prolonged standing | 2,569 (62.02) | 3,514 (60.98) | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) n, % | 121.200 ± 0.249 | 112.800 ± 0.228 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) n, % | 76.398 ± 0.166 | 68.685 ± 0.137 | <0.0001 |
| Hormone use | - | - | |
| No | - | 4,883 (84.73) | |
| Yes | - | 880 (15.27) | |
| Parity | - | 3.354 ± 0.019 | - |
BMI: body mass index, n: sample size, BMI categories: normal (18.5 ≤ BMI < 24), underweight (BMI < 18.5), overweight (24 ≤ BMI < 27), and obesity (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2).