Gut microbiota composition from postnatal day 1 till day 28. (A) Temporal abundance (presented as copy numbers of 16S rRNA gene by qPCR) of gut microbiota in neonatal mice, normalized to total DNA. (B) Stacked bar plots to show the relative taxonomic abundance of bacterial phyla. Each bar represents pooled cecal content from 3 to 6 neonatal mice of the same age. (C) Changes in the relative abundance of major bacterial phyla (Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Verrucomicrobia) throughout experimental time points. (D) Heatmap of genus-level bacterial abundance from neonatal cecal microbiota as a function of age. (E, F) Changes in the relative abundance of Rodentibacter (E) and Akkermansia (F) genus (n = 3 biological replicates/group; each biological replicate consists of pooled cecal content from 3 to 6 neonatal mice from littermates of the same dam). (We represented data as mean ± SD. ∗p ≤ 0.05, ∗∗p ≤ 0.01, ∗∗∗p ≤ 0.001 and ∗∗∗∗p ≤ 0.0001; one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparisons test and compared with 1 day).