Fig. 2.

Diversity and functional analysis of temporal changes in gut microbiota during the neonatal mice development. (A, B, C) Alpha-diversity index of pooled cecal content from neonate mice; species richness represented as observed species (A), Chao1 index (B), and species evenness calculated using Shannon metrics (C). (D) Gut microbial beta-diversity presented as PCoA plot using the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity index (PERMANOVA, R-squared: 0.84056; p-value < 0.001). (E) Analysis of functional prediction of cecal microbiota using Tax4Fun package from SILVA annotated data. Data represented as an abundance (total hits) of KEGG metabolism (KEGG Orthology groups [KOs] as a functional category). (n = 3 biological replicates/group; each biological replicate consists of pooled cecal content from 3 to 6 neonatal mice from littermates of the same dam). (We represented data as mean ± SD. ∗p ≤ 0.05, ∗∗p ≤ 0.01, ∗∗∗p ≤ 0.001 and ∗∗∗∗p ≤ 0.0001; one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparisons test and compared with 1 day).