TABLE 2.
Multilevel regression models predicting cognitive functioning among US adults aged 50+ (N = 152,444)
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | P value | Estimate | P value | Estimate | P value | |
| Focal variables | ||||||
| Rural county | −0.29** | <.01 | −0.21** | <.01 | −0.22** | <.01 |
| Depopulated county | −0.25** | <.01 | 0.21** | <.01 | 0.21** | <.01 |
| Rural × depopulated | −0.33** | <.01 | −0.36** | <.01 | ||
| Individual-level characteristics | ||||||
| Female (ref = male) | 0.83** | <.01 | 0.82** | <.01 | ||
| Marital status (ref = married) | ||||||
| Divorced | −0.26** | <.01 | −0.20** | <.01 | ||
| Widowed | −0.25** | <.01 | −0.23** | <.01 | ||
| Never married | −0.62** | <.01 | −0.52** | <.01 | ||
| Age | −0.14** | <.01 | −0.14** | <.01 | ||
| Race (ref = White) | ||||||
| Black | −2.46** | <.01 | −2.26** | <.01 | ||
| Hispanic | −1.74** | <.01 | −1.52** | <.01 | ||
| Other | −1.80** | <.01 | −1.64** | <.01 | ||
| Education (ref = less than high school) | ||||||
| High school | 2.04** | <.01 | 2.11** | <.01 | ||
| Some college | 2.87** | <.01 | 2.98** | <.01 | ||
| College degree | 3.96** | <.01 | 4.09** | <.01 | ||
| Income (ref = less than $25,000) | ||||||
| $25,000–$74,999 | 0.36** | <.01 | 0.37** | <.01 | ||
| $75,000+ | 0.43** | <.01 | 0.47** | <.0 | ||
| Employed (ref = not employed) | 0.09** | <.01 | 0.09** | <.01 | ||
| Self-reported good health (ref = fair/poor) | <.01 | <.01 | ||||
| Number of chronic medical conditions | −0.14** | <.01 | −0.12** | <.01 | ||
| Depression score (CESD) | −0.12** | <.01 | −0.13** | <.01 | ||
| Region (ref = New England) | ||||||
| Mid Atlantic | 0.24** | <.01 | 0.28** | <.01 | ||
| East North Central | 0.18 | 0.05 | 0.25** | <.01 | ||
| West North Central | 0.35** | <.01 | 0.35** | <.01 | ||
| South Atlantic | 0.20* | 0.02 | 0.24** | <.01 | ||
| East South Central | −0.04 | 0.67 | 0.08 | <.01 | ||
| West South Central | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.30** | <.01 | ||
| Mountain | 0.24* | <.01 | 0.32** | <.01 | ||
| Pacific | 0.21* | 0.02 | 0.29** | <.01 | ||
| County-level characteristics | ||||||
| Percent non-Hispanic Black | −0.00* | 0.03 | ||||
| Percent Hispanic | 0.00 | 0.07 | ||||
| Percent age 65+ | 2.54** | <.01 | ||||
| Unemployment rate | −1.75* | 0.04 | ||||
| Low education | 0.06 | 0.22 | ||||
| Poverty rate | −2.04** | <.01 | ||||
| Health care professional shortage area | −0.00 | 0.97 | ||||
| Intercept | 14.83** | <.01 | 22.10** | <.01 | 21.31** | <.01 |
| Random effect | 13.43** | <.01 | 6.65** | <.01 | 6.62** | <.01 |
*
P < .05 (2-tailed tests).
**
P < .01.