Bowtie and bowtie tail sequences of TGF-βs. Full-length TGF-β sequences were aligned with MAFFT (37); the portion between the β7 and β10 strands (Fig. 2A) is shown. The three human TGF-βs (Chordata, Vertebrata; all from RefSeq) were aligned with the sole TGF-β's from Branchiostoma japonicum (Chordata, Cephalochordata; UniProt: F6M2M4), Ciona intestinalis (Chordata, Tunicata; UniProt: Q4H2P5), Saccoglossus kowalevskii (Hemichordata; UniProt: A0A0U2L5S7), and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Echinodermata; UniProt: A0A7M7RFG3). The αVβ6-binding motifs are indicated for TGF-β2 (Top line) and for TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 (Lower line).