Table 1.
Baseline patient demographics and disease characteristics of the internal training and external validation cohorts of patients
| Characteristics | Internal training cohort N = 149 (%) |
External validation cohort N = 100 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 56 (48–61) | 56 (47–62) |
| Age, years | ||
| <65 | 123 (82.6) | 86 (86.0) |
| ≥ 65 | 26 (17.4) | 14 (14.0) |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 125 (83.9) | 79 (79.0) |
| Female | 24 (16.1) | 21 (21.0) |
| Etiology | ||
| HBV | 125 (83.9) | 86 (86.0) |
| Non-HBV | 24 (16.1) | 14 (14.0) |
| Cardiovascular diseases | ||
| Presence | 95 (63.8) | 59 (59.0) |
| Absence | 54 (36.2) | 41 (41.0) |
| T2DM | ||
| Presence | 42 (28.2) | 25 (25.0) |
| Absence | 107 (71.8) | 75 (75.0) |
| Antiviral treatment | ||
| Yes | 72 (48.3) | 46 (46.0) |
| No | 77 (51.7) | 54 (54.0) |
| Child-Pugh class | ||
| A | 129 (86.6) | 84 (84.0) |
| B | 20 (13.4) | 16 (16.0) |
| ECOG PS score | ||
| 0–1 | 141 (94.6) | 98 (98.0) |
| 2 | 8 (5.4) | 2 (2.0) |
| BCLC stage | ||
| B | 104 (69.8) | 70 (70.0) |
| C | 45 (30.2) | 30 (30.0) |
| PLT, ×109/L | 157.6 ± 59.1 | 157.8 ± 59.7 |
| PT, s | 12.3 (11.7–13.1) | 12.4 (11.9–13.2) |
| Scr, umol/L | 67 (58–80) | 62 (56–67) |
| Blood glucose, mmol/L | 5.18 (4.60–6.24) | 5.20 (4.64–6.30) |
| TBIL, umol/L | 16.9 (12.4–22.7) | 16.0 (12.1–22.7) |
| ALB, g/L | 39.6 (35.7–42.4) | 39.5 (35.4–42.1) |
| ALBI score | -2.52 (-2.85–-2.11) | -2.50 (-2.83–-2.08) |
| ALBI grade | ||
| I | 67 (45.0) | 42 (42.0) |
| II | 78 (52.3) | 54 (54.0) |
| III | 4 (2.7) | 4 (4.0) |
| AFP, ng/ml | ||
| ≤ 400 | 76 (51.0) | 52 (52.0) |
| >400 | 73 (49.0) | 48 (48.0) |
| NLR | 2.98 (2.13–4.32) | 2.94 (2.05–4.31) |
| NLR | ||
| ≤ 2.77 | 62 (41.6) | 45 (45.0) |
| > 2.77 | 87 (58.4) | 55 (55.0) |
| DCP, mAU/ml | ||
| ≤ 400 | 47 (31.5) | 34 (34.0) |
| > 400 | 102 (68.5) | 66 (66.0) |
| HBV-DNA, copies/ml | ||
| ≤ 1000 | 124 (83.2) | 84 (84.0) |
| > 1000 | 25 (16.8) | 16 (16.0) |
| Macrovascular invasion | ||
| Yes | 45 (30.2) | 30 (30.0) |
| No | 104 (69.8) | 70 (70.0) |
| Extrahepatic metastasis | ||
| Yes | 7 (4.7) | 6 (6.0) |
| No | 142 (95.3) | 94 (94.0) |
| Tumor number | ||
| Single | 12 (8.1) | 8 (8.0) |
| Multiple | 137 (91.9) | 92 (92.0) |
| Largest tumor size, cm | 9.5 (6.8–13.0) | 10.0 (6.7–13.2) |
| Combined treatment besides ICIs | ||
| TACE | 131 (87.9) | 92 (92.0) |
| TKI* | 90 (60.4) | 65 (65.0) |
| PMCT | 12 (8.1) | 6 (6.0) |
| RT | 3 (2.0) | 4 (4.0) |
|
Cycles of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Median (range) |
7 (2–25) | 6 (3–18) |
Notes: values are presented as mean ± SD, median (interquartile range), or numbers (percentages)
*TKI include Sorafenib, Lenvatinib, Regorafenib and Apatinib
HBV, hepatitis B virus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; ECOG PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; BCLC, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; PLT, platelets; PT, prothrombin time; Scr, serum creatinine; TBIL, total bilirubin; ALB, albumin; ALBI, albumin-bilirubin; AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; DCP, des-γ-carboxy-prothrombin; ICIs, immune checkpoint inhibitors; TACE, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization; TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor; PMCT, percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy; RT, radiotherapy