Table 2:
Table of articles and papers included in the analysis
| References | Participants | Disease | Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hahn, E. A., Boileau, N. R., Hanks, R. A., Sander, A. M., Miner, J. A. and Carlozzi, N. E. (2020). Health literacy, health outcomes, and the caregiver role in traumatic brain injury. Rehabilitation Psychology, 65, 401–408. https://doi-org.ezproxy.rgu.ac.uk/10.1037/rep0000330 | 131 family caregivers | TBI | Quantitative |
| Brickell, T. A., Lippa, S. M., French, L. M., Gartner, R. L., Driscoll, A. E., Wright, M. M. and Lange, R. T. (2019). Service needs and health outcomes among caregivers of service members and veterans following TBI. Rehabilitation Psychology, 64, 72–86. https://doi-org.ezproxy.rgu.ac.uk/10.1037/rep0000249 | 264 caregivers (95.8% female)—veterans/military | TBI | Quantitative |
| Griffin, J. M., Lee, M. K., Bangerter, L. R., Van Houtven, C. H., Friedemann-Sánchez, G., Phelan, S. M., Carlson, K. F. and Meis, L. A. (2017). Burden and mental health among caregivers of veterans with traumatic brain injury/polytrauma. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 87, 139–148. https://doi-org.ezproxy.rgu.ac.uk/10.1037/ort0000207 | 564 caregivers—veterans | TBI and Polytrauma | Quantitative |
| Mausbach, B. T., Chattillion, E. A., Ho, J., Flynn, L. M., Tiznado, D., von Känel, R., Patterson, T. L. and Grant, I. (2014). Why does placement of persons with Alzheimer’s disease into long-term care improve caregivers’ well-being? Examination of psychological mediators. Psychology and Aging, 29, 776–786. https://doi-org.ezproxy.rgu.ac.uk/10.1037/a0037626 | 126 spousal caregivers | Alzheimer | Longitudinal, Quantitative |
| Gonçalves-Pereira, M., Zarit, S. H., Cardoso, A. M., Alves da Silva, J., Papoila, A. L. and Mateos, R. (2020). A comparison of primary and secondary caregivers of persons with dementia. Psychology and Aging, 35, 20–27. https://doi-org.ezproxy.rgu.ac.uk/10.1037/pag0000380.supp (Supplemental) | 61 primary and 61 secondary family caregivers | Dementia | Quantitative |
| Meyer, O. L., Nguyen, K. H., Dao, T. N., Vu, P., Arean, P. and Hinton, L. (2015). The sociocultural context of caregiving experiences for Vietnamese dementia family caregivers. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 6, 263–272. https://doi-org.ezproxy.rgu.ac.uk/10.1037/aap0000024.supp (Supplemental) | 10 caregivers | Dementia | Qualitative |
| Otero, P., Torres, Á. J., Vázquez, F. L., Blanco, V., Ferraces, M. J. and Díaz, O. (2019). Does the disease of the person receiving care affect the emotional state of non-professional caregivers? Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1144. | 491 caregivers | Multiple | Quantitative |
| Alzahrani, S. H., Fallata, E. O., Alabdulwahab, M. A., Alsafi, W. A. and Bashawri, J. (2017). Assessment of the burden on caregivers of patients with mental disorders in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. BMC Psychiatry, 17, 1–8. | 377 caregivers | Mental health illnesses (various) | Quantitative |
| Chiang, C. Y., Lu, C. Y., Lin, Y. H., Lin, H. Y. and Sun, F. K. (2015). Caring stress, suicidal attitude and suicide care ability among family caregivers of suicidal individuals: a path analysis. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 22, 792–800. | 164 family caregivers | Suicidal ideation | Quantitative |
| Unwin, G. and Deb, S. (2011). Family caregiver uplift and burden: Associations with aggressive behavior in adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 4, 186–205. | 44 family caregivers | Intellectual disability or aggressive behaviour | Quantitative |
| Choi, H. (2018). Giving or receiving spouse care and marital satisfaction among older Korean individuals. Social Science & Medicine. | 3424 spousal caregivers—not specified | Care—not specified | Quantitative |
| Casarez, R. L., Barlow, E., Iyengar, S. M., Soares, J. C. and Meyer, T. D. (2019). Understanding the role of m-Health to improve well-being in spouses of patients with bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 250, 391–396. | 13 spousal caregivers | Bipolar disorder | Qualitative |
| Greenwood, N., Pound, C., Brearley, S. and Smith, R. (2019). A qualitative study of older informal carers’ experiences and perceptions of their caring role. Maturitas, 124, 1–7. | 44 family carers aged 70–87 years | Dementia or other mental illness | Qualitative |
| Alasmee, N. and Hasan (2020). Primary caregivers experience of anti-psychotic medication: a qualitative study. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 34, 520–528. | 21 family caregivers | Schizophrenia | Qualitative |
| Colvez, A., Joel, M. E., Ponton-Sanchez, A. and Royer, A. C. (2002). Health status and work burden of Alzheimer patients’ informal caregivers: comparisons of five different care programs in the European Union. Health Policy, 60, 219–233. | 322 spousal caregivers | Alzheimer | Quantitative |
| Anchan, V. and Janardhana, N. (2020). Transformation of attitude through brief psychoeducation program for the husbands of women with postpartum psychiatric disorders. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 101841. | 21 husbands of women with postpartum psychiatric disorder | Postpartum psychiatric disorders | Quantitative |
| Lai, F. H. Y., Yan, E. W. H., Tsui, W. S. and Yu, K. K. Y. (2020). A randomized control trial of activity scheduling for caring for older adults with dementia and its impact on their spouse care-givers. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 90, 104167. | 100 spouses | Dementia | Quantitative |
| Van Wijngaarden, B., Koeter, M., Knapp, M., Tansella, M., Thornicroft, G., Vázquez-Barquero, J. L. et al. (2009). Caring for people with depression or with schizophrenia: are the consequences different? Psychiatry Research, 169(1), 62–69. | 252 family/friends/partner caregivers for outpatients with depression and 151 family/friends/partner caregivers for outpatients with schizophrenia | Multiple | Quantitative |
| Dahlrup, B., Ekström, H., Nordell, E. and Elmståhl, S. (2015). Coping as a caregiver: a question of strain and its consequences on life satisfaction and health-related quality of life. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 61, 261–270. | 369 family carers | Multiple | Quantitative |
| Jones, S. M., Woodward, M. and Mioshi, E. (2019). Social support and high resilient coping in carers of people with dementia. Geriatric Nursing, 40, 584–589. |
|
Dementia | Quantitative |
| Highet, N., Thompson, M. and McNair, B. (2005). Identifying depression in a family member: the carers’ experience. Journal of Affective Disorders, 87(1), 25–33. |
|
Clinical depression | Qualitative |
| Beeson, R. A. (2003). Loneliness and depression in spousal caregivers of those with Alzheimer’s disease versus non-caregiving spouses. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 17, 135–143. | 49 caregiving spouses and 52 non-caregiving control individuals | Alzheimer | Quantitative |
| Kabitsi, N. and Powers, D. V. (2002). Spousal motivations of care for demented older adults: a cross-cultural comparison of Greek and American female caregivers. Journal of Aging Studies, 16, 383–399. | 30 American women spousal carers, 44 Greek women spousal carers | Dementia | Quantitative |
| Mills, P. J., Ancoli-Israel, S., von Känel, R., Mausbach, B. T., Aschbacher, K., Patterson, T. L. et al. (2009). Effects of gender and dementia severity on Alzheimer’s disease caregivers’ sleep and biomarkers of coagulation and inflammation. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 23, 605–610. | 81 male and female spousal caregiver and 41 non-caregivers | Alzheimer | Quantitative |
| Teles, S., Ferreira, A. and Paúl, C. (2021). Access and retention of informal dementia caregivers in psychosocial interventions: a cross-sectional study. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 93, 104289. | 179 Portuguese caregivers—unspecified | Dementia | Quantitative |
| Morrison, V. and Williams, K. (2020). Gaining longitudinal accounts of carers’ experiences using IPA and photograph elicitation. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 521382. | 3 women caregivers | Dementia, stroke and ftd | Qualitative |
| Zwar, L., König, H. H. and Hajek, A. (2020). Psychosocial consequences of transitioning into informal caregiving in male and female caregivers: findings from a population-based panel study. Social Science & Medicine, 264, 113281. | 13 333 informal carers—unspecified | Unspecified | Quantitative |
| Willis, P., Vickery, A. and Symonds, J. (2020). “You have got to get off your backside; otherwise, you’ll never get out”: older male carers’ experiences of loneliness and social isolation. International Journal of Care and Caring, 4, 311–330. | 25 men; British—five distinct sample groups, including: male carers; men who were single and living in urban or rural areas; men who identified as gay and were single or living alone; and men with hearing loss. | Various (including dementia, Alzheimer, physical disabilities) | Qualitative |
| Brites, R., Brandão, T., Moniz Pereira, F., Hipólito, J. and Nunes, O. (2020). Effects of supporting patients with dementia: a study with dyads. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 56, 614–620. | 36 informal caregivers and their 36 care receivers | Dementia | Quantitative |
| Mahomed, A. and Pretorius, C. (2020). Availability and utilization of support services for South African male caregivers of people with Alzheimer’s disease in low-income communities. Dementia, 20, 633–652. | 11 adult males who were familial caregivers | Alzheimer | Qualitative |
| Ruisoto, P., Contador, I., Fernandez-Calvo, B., Serra, L., Jenaro, C., Flores, N. et al. (2020). Mediating effect of social support on the relationship between resilience and burden in caregivers of people with dementia. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 86, 103952. | 283 primary and family caregivers in Spain | Dementia | Quantitative |
| Kamalzadeh, L., Salehi, M., Rashedi, V., Ahmadzad Asl, M., Malakouti, S. K., Seddigh, R. et al. (2020). Perceived burden of dementia care, clinical, psychological and demographic characteristics of patients and primary caregivers in Iran. Applied Neuropsychology Adult. | 60 family caregiver and care-recipient pairs | Dementia | Quantitative |
| Tranvåg, O., Nåden, D. and Gallagher, A. (2019). Dignity work of older women caring for a husband with dementia at home. Health Care for Women International, 40, 1047–1069. | 6 Norwegian women spousal carers | Dementia | Qualitative |
| Hvidsten, L., Engedal, K., Selbæk, G., Wyller, T. B., Benth, J.Š., Kersten, H. | 88 family carers—unspecified | Dementia | Quantitative |
| Avdikou, K., Stefanatos, C., Tsatali, M., Gouva, M. and Tsolaki, M. (2019). The role of gender in shame, hostility, and aggression experienced by caregivers for patients with dementia. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease & Other Dementias, 34, 231–235. | 55 family caregivers | Dementia | Quantitative |
| Care recipients’ low level of cognitive function was associated with greater perceived burden. Higher quality of support was associated with lower perceived burden among female and male spouse caregivers, daughter caregivers and mother | 20 207 respondents and 43 262 observations of 50+ carers | Unspecified | Quantitative |
| Mantri, S., Edison, B., Alzyoud, L., Marras, C., Chahine, L. M. | 145 partner caregivers | Parkinson disease psychosis (PDP) | Mixed-methods cross-sectional study |
| Juntunen, K., Salminen, A. L., Törmäkangas, T., Tillman, P., Leinonen, K. and Nikander, R. (2018). Perceived burden among spouse, adult child, and parent caregivers. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74, 2340–2350. | 4000 family caregivers in Finland | Unspecified | Quantitative |
| Dam, A. E., Boots, L. M., Van Boxtel, M. P., Verhey, F. R. and De Vugt, M. E. (2018). A mismatch between supply and demand of social support in dementia care: a qualitative study on the perspectives of spousal caregivers and their social network members. International Psychogeriatrics, 30, 881–892. | 10 spousal caregivers of people with dementia and 17 network members | Dementia | Qualitative |
| Beks, T. A. and Cairns, S. L. (2018). Contexts precipitating help-seeking among partners of veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: a qualitative exploration. Traumatology, 24, 313. | 16 Canadian female partners (English-speaking) of male veterans with PTSD | Veterans/PTSD | Qualitative |
| Rahmani, F., Ebrahimi, H., Seyedfatemi, N., Namdar Areshtanab, H., Ranjbar, F. and Whitehead, B. (2018). Trapped like a butterfly in a spider’s web: experiences of female spousal caregivers in the care of husbands with severe mental illness. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27, 1507–1518. | 14 female spousal caregivers of people with severe mental illness | Mental health illnesses (various) | Qualitative |
| Pattanayak, R. D., Jena, R., Tripathi, M. and Khandelwal, S. K. (2010). Assessment of burden in caregivers of Alzheimer’s disease from India. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 3, 112–116. | 32 patient–caregiver dyads India | Alzheimer’s disease | Quantitative |
| Gresswell, I., Lally, L., Adamis, D. and McCarthy, G. M. (2018). Widening the net: exploring social determinants of burden of informal carers. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 35, 43–51. | 53 Irish family carers, unspecified | Dementia or other chronic illness | Quantitative |
| McAuliffe, L., Ong, B. and Kinsella, G. (2018). Mediators of burden and depression in dementia family caregivers: kinship differences. Dementia. | 134 family caregivers | Dementia | Quantitative |
| Stadtmann, M. P., Maercker, A., Binder, J. and Schnepp, W. (2018). Mastering life together-symptom management, views, and experiences of relatives of persons with CPTSD: a grounded theory study. Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes, 2, 1–13. | 17 self-declared ‘relatives’ | Complex posttraumatic stress disorder | Qualitative |
| Viñas‐Diez, V., Turró‐Garriga, O., Portellano‐Ortiz, C., Gascón‐Bayarri, J., Reñé‐Ramírez, R., Garre‐Olmo, J. et al. (2017). Kinship and cohabitation in relation to caregiver burden in the context of Alzheimer's disease: a 24‐month longitudinal study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 32, e72–e82. | 275 Alzheimer’s disease family primary caregivers | Alzheimer | Quantitative |
| Chow, E. O. W. and Ho, H. C. (2015). Caregiver strain, age, and psychological well-being of older spousal caregivers in Hong Kong. Journal of Social Work, 15, 479–497. | 112 spousal caregivers aged 55 and over in Hong Kong | Not specified | Quantitative |
| Tuomola, J., Soon, J., Fisher, P. and Yap, P. (2016). Lived experience of caregivers of persons with dementia and the impact on their sense of self: a qualitative study in Singapore. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 31, 157–172. | 6 Chinese female spousal caregivers | Dementia | Qualitative |
| Mausbach, B. T., Chattillion, E. A., Ho, J., Flynn, L. M., Tiznado, D., von Känel, R. et al. (2014). Why does placement of persons with Alzheimer’s disease into long-term care improve caregivers’ well-being? Examination of psychological mediators. Psychology and Aging, 29(4), 776. | 126 spousal Alzheimer’s disease family caregivers | Alzheimer | Quantitative |
| Williams, K. L., Morrison, V. and Robinson, C. A. (2014). Exploring caregiving experiences: caregiver coping and making sense of illness. Aging & Mental Health, 18, 600–609. | 13 family caregivers | Stroke and dementia | Qualitative |
| Abu Bakar, S. H., Weatherley, R., Omar, N., Abdullah, F. and Mohamad Aun, N. S. (2014). Projecting social support needs of informal caregivers in Malaysia. Health & Social Care in the Community, 22, 144–154. | 175 family caregivers | Unspecified (chronically ill/disability) | Quantitative |
| Orpin, P., Stirling, C., Hetherington, S. and Robinson, A. (2014). Rural dementia carers: formal and informal sources of support. Ageing & Society, 34(2), 185–208. | 18 rural primary caregivers (unspecified) | Dementia | Qualitative |
| Gibbons, C., Creese, J., Tran, M., Brazil, K., Chambers, L., Weaver, B. and Bédard, M. (2014). The psychological and health consequences of caring for a spouse with dementia: a critical comparison of husbands and wives. Journal of Women & Aging, 26, 3–21. | 65 spouses (husbands/wives) caring for someone with Alzheimer’s disease | Dementia | quantitative |
| Daley, R. T., Sugarman, M. A., Shirk, S. D. and O’Connor, M. K. (2018). Spared emotional perception in patients with Alzheimer’s disease is associated with negative caregiver outcomes. Aging & Mental Health, 22(5), 595–602. | 28 spousal caregivers and 30 controls | Alzheimer’s | Quantitative |
| van Groenou, M. I. B., de Boer, A. and Iedema, J. (2013). Positive and negative evaluation of caregiving among three different types of informal care relationships. European Journal of Ageing, 10, 301–311. | 1685 Dutch family caregivers | Multiple | Quantitative |
| Alpass, F., Pond, R., Stephens, C., Stevenson, B., Keeling, S. and Towers, A. (2013). The influence of ethnicity and gender on caregiver health in older New Zealanders. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 68, 783–793. | 2155 New Zealand family carers | Unspecified | Quantitative |
| Slachevsky, A., Budinich, M., Miranda-Castillo, C., Núñez-Huasaf, J., Silva, J. R., Muñoz-Neira, C. et al. (2013). The CUIDEME Study: determinants of burden in Chilean primary caregivers of patients with dementia. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 35(2), 297–306. | 292 Chilean family caregivers | Dementia | Quantitative |
| Pöysti, M. M., Laakkonen, M. L., Strandberg, T., Savikko, N., Tilvis, R. S., Eloniemi-Sulkava, U. and Pitkälä, K. H. (2012). Gender differences in dementia spousal caregiving. International Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 2012, 162960. | 335 dyads of wife– husband caregivers | Dementia | Quantitative |
| Quinn, C., Clare, L. and Woods, R. T. (2012). What predicts whether caregivers of people with dementia find meaning in their role? International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27(11), 1195–1202. | 447 informal caregivers | Dementia | Quantitative |
| Lai, D. W. (2012). Effect of financial costs on caregiving burden of family caregivers of older adults. Sage Open, 2(4), 2158244012470467. | 448 informal caregivers | Unspecified | Quantitative |
| Tsai, C.-F., Hwang, W.-S., Lee, J.-J., Wang, W.-F., Huang, L.-C., Huang, L.-K. et al. (2021) Predictors of caregiver burden in aged caregivers of demented older patients. BMC Geriatrics, 21, 1–9. | 328 informal caregiver–patient dyads. | Dementia | Quantitative |
| Papastavrou, E., Charalambous, A., Tsangari, H. and Karayiannis, G. (2012). The burdensome and depressive experience of caring: what cancer, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer’s disease caregivers have in common. Cancer Nursing, 35, 187–194. | 410 family caregivers | Cancer, Schizophrenia, and Alzheimer | Quantitative |
| Clare, L., Nelis, S. M., Whitaker, C. J., Martyr, A., Markova, I. S., Roth, I. et al. (2012). Marital relationship quality in early-stage dementia: perspectives from people with dementia and their spouses. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders, 26, 148–158. | 54 spousal caregivers and 54 control couples | Dementia | Quantitative |
| Shanley, C., Russell, C., Middleton, H. and Simpson-Young, V. (2011). Living through end-stage dementia: the experiences and expressed needs of family carers. Dementia, 10, 325–340. | 15 informal carers | End-stage dementia | Quantitative |
| Papastavrou, E., Tsangari, H., Karayiannis, G., Papacostas, S., Efstathiou, G. and Sourtzi, P. (2011). Caring and coping: the dementia caregivers. Aging & Mental Health, 15, 702–711. | 172 Greek family caregivers | Dementia | Quantitative |
| Innes, A., Abela, S. and Scerri, C. (2011). The organisation of dementia care by families in Malta: the experiences of family caregivers. Dementia, 10, 165–184. | 17 family caregivers from Malta | Dementia | Qualitative |
| Nordtug, B. and Holen, A. (2011). Similarities and differences in caring burden of home dwellers with partners suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or dementia. Home Health Care Management & Practice, 23, 93–101. | 206 Norwegian spousal carers | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or dementia | Quantitative |
| Lai, D. W. and Thomson, C. (2011). The impact of perceived adequacy of social support on caregiving burden of family caregivers. Families in Society, 92, 99–106. | 340 Canadian family caregivers aged above 65 | Unspecified | Quantitative |
| Stanley, S., Balakrishnan, S. and Ilangovan, S. (2017). Psychological distress, perceived burden and quality of life in caregivers of persons with schizophrenia. Journal of Mental Health, 26, 134–141. | 75 primary family caregivers of persons with schizophrenia in India | Schizophrenia | Quantitative cross-sectional design and survey |
| Baker, K. L., Robertson, N. and Connelly, D. (2010). Men caring for wives or partners with dementia: masculinity, strain and gain. Aging & Mental Health, 14, 319–327. | 70 male caregivers | Dementia | Quantitative |
| Papastavrou, E., Tsangari, H., Kalokerinou, A., Papacostas, S. S. and Sourtzi, P. (2009). Gender issues in caring for demented relatives. Health Science Journal, 3, 41–53. | 172 Cyprus family primary caregivers | Dementia | Quantitative |
| Arango Lasprilla, J. C., Moreno, A., Rogers, H. and Francis, K. (2009). The effect of dementia patient’s physical, cognitive, and emotional/behavioral problems on caregiver well-being: findings from a Spanish-speaking sample from Colombia, South America. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias, 24, 384–395. | 73 Colombian family caregivers | Dementia | Quantitative |
| Sun, F., Lee Roff, L., Klemmack, D. and Burgio, L. D. (2008). The influences of gender and religiousness on Alzheimer disease caregivers’ use of informal support and formal services. Journal of Aging and Health, 20, 937–953. | 720 family caregivers | Alzheimer | Quantitative |
| Quinn, C., Clare, L., Pearce, A. and Van Dijkhuizen, M. (2008). The experience of providing care in the early stages of dementia: an interpretative phenomenological analysis. Aging and Mental Health, 12, 769–778. | 34 spouses or partners of people with a diagnosis of early-stage dementia | Early stages of dementia | Qualitative |
| Brown, J. and Chen, S. L. (2008). Help-seeking patterns of older spousal caregivers of older adults with dementia. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 29, 839–852. | 20 spousal caregivers | Dementia | Qualitative |
| Dahlberg, L., Demack, S., and Bambra, C. (2007). Age and gender of informal carers: a population‐based study in the UK. Health & Social Care in the Community, 15, 439–445. | a 3% random sample of the 2001 UK Census. The sample size was 1 825 595. Of this sample, 10% were reported to be carers. | Unspecified | Quantitative |
| Ducharme, F., Lévesque, L., Zarit, S. H., Lachance, L. and Giroux, F. (2007). Changes in health outcomes among older husband caregivers: a one-year longitudinal study. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 65, 73–96. | 232 older husband caregivers | Unspecified | Quantitative, longitudinal |
| Calasanti, T. and Bowen, M. E. (2006). Spousal caregiving and crossing gender boundaries: maintaining gendered identities. Journal of Aging Studies, 20, 253–263. | 22 primary spousal caregivers | Alzheimer | Qualitative |
| Adams, K. B., Smyth, K. A. and McClendon, M. J. (2005). Psychosocial resources as moderators of the impact of spousal dementia caregiving on depression. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 24, 475–489. | 441 caregivers and 251 Non-caregivers | Alzheimer | Quantitative |
| Malhotra, C., Malhotra, R., Østbye, T., Matchar, D. and Chan, A. (2012). Depressive symptoms among informal caregivers of older adults: insights from the Singapore Survey on Informal Caregiving. International Psychogeriatrics, 24, 1335–1346. | 1190 dyads caregivers and receivers | Multiple | Quantitative |
| Gaugler, J. E., Anderson, K. A., Leach, C. R., Smith, C. D., Schmitt, F. A. and Mendiondo, M. (2004). The emotional ramifications of unmet need in dementia caregiving. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias, 19, 369–380. | 694 informal caregivers | Dementia | Quantitative |
| Beeson, R. A. (2003). Loneliness and depression in spousal caregivers of those with Alzheimer’s disease versus non-caregiving spouses. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 17, 135–143. | 49 Alzheimer spousal carers (AD) and 52 spousal non-caregivers | Alzheimer | Quantitative |
| Perry, J. (2002). Wives giving care to husbands with Alzheimer’s disease: a process of interpretive caring. Research in Nursing & Health, 25, 307–316. | 20 spousal carers (wives) | Alzheimer | Qualitative |
| Chow, E. O. W. and Ho, H. C. (2015). Caregiver strain, age, and psychological well-being of older spousal caregivers in Hong Kong. Journal of Social Work, 15, 479–497. | 112 spousal caregivers from Hong Kong | Not specified | Quantitative |
| Gonçalves-Pereira, M., Carmo, I., da Silva, J. A., Papoila, A. L., Mateos, R. and Zarit, S. H. (2010). Caregiving experiences and knowledge about dementia in Portuguese clinical outpatient settings. International Psychogeriatrics, 22, 270–280. | 99 primary caregivers | Dementia | Quantitative |
| Gresswell, I., Lally, L., Adamis, D. and McCarthy, G. M. (2018). Widening the net: exploring social determinants of burden of informal carers. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 35, 43–51. | 53 carers Ireland | Not specified | Quantitative |
| Shikimoto, R., Sado, M., Ninomiya, A., Yoshimura, K., Ikeda, B., Baba, T. et al. (2018). Predictive factors associated with psychological distress of caregivers of people with dementia in Japan: a cross-sectional study. International Psychogeriatrics, 30, 1089–1098. | Japan, 1437 people with dementia-caregiver dyads | Dementia | Quantitative |
| Temple, J. B. and Dow, B. (2018). The unmet support needs of carers of older Australians: prevalence and mental health. International Psychogeriatrics, 30, 1849–1860. | 25 555 primary carers Australia | Multiple | Quantitative |
| Collins, C. and Jones, R. (1997). Emotional distress and morbidity in dementia carers: a matched comparison of husbands and wives. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 1168–1173. | 48 UK spousal carers | Dementia | Quantitative |
| Luderowski, A. and Boden, Z. V. (2020). Love and incomprehensibility: the hermeneutic labour of caring for and understanding a loved one with psychosis. Health, 24, 737–754. | 10 UK informal carer for someone experiencing psychosis | Psychosis | Qualitative |
| Wayland, S., Coker, S. and Maple, M. (2021). The human approach to supportive interventions: the lived experience of people who care for others who suicide attempt. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 30, 667–682. | 758 family carers of someone who has attempted suicide | Suicide | Mixed |
| Vasileiou, K., Barnett, J., Barreto, M., Vines, J., Atkinson, M., Lawson, S. et al. (2017) Experiences of loneliness associated with being an informal caregiver: a qualitative investigation. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 585. | 16 family caregivers | Mixed (dementia, frailty due to old age, multiple sclerosis, depression, autism) | Qualitative |
| Östman, M., Wallsten, T. and Kjellin, L. (2005). Family burden and relatives' participation in psychiatric care: are the patient’s diagnosis and the relation to the patient of importance? International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 51, 291–301. | 455 close relatives caregivers | Psychoses, affective disorders and ‘other diagnoses’ | Quantitative |
| McGaw, V. E., Reupert, A. E. and Maybery, D. (2020). Partners of veterans with PTSD: parenting and family experiences. Families in Society, 101, 456–468. | 8 female partner caregivers of Australian veterans | PTSD | Qualitative |
| Roth, D. L., Dilworth-Anderson, P., Huang, J., Gross, A. L. and Gitlin, L. N. (2015). Positive aspects of family caregiving for dementia: differential item functioning by race. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 70, 813–819. | 642 family caregivers | Dementia | Quantitative |
| Brown, S. L., Smith, D. M., Schulz, R., Kabeto, M. U., Ubel, P. A., Poulin, M., et al. (2009). Caregiving behavior is associated with decreased mortality risk. Psychological Science, 20, 488–494. | 3376 family caregivers | Multiple | Quantitative |
| O’Reilly, D., Connolly, S., Rosato, M. and Patterson, C. (2008). Is caring associated with an increased risk of mortality? A longitudinal study. Social Science & Medicine, 67, 1282–1290. | Health of caregivers recorded in the 2001 Northern Ireland Census | Multiple | Quantitative |
| Roth, D. L., Perkins, M., Wadley, V. G., Temple, E. M. and Haley, W. E. (2009). Family caregiving and emotional strain: associations with quality of life in a large national sample of middle-aged and older adults. Quality of Life Research, 18, 679–688. | 43 099 family caregivers | Multiple | Quantitative |
| Dilworth-Anderson, P., Brummett, B. H., Goodwin, P., Williams, S. W., Williams, R. B. and Siegler, I. C. (2005). Effect of race on cultural justifications for caregiving. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60, S257–S262. | 48 African American and 121 White caregivers. | Multiple | Quantitative |
| McCallum, T. J., Sorocco, K. H. and Fritsch, T. (2006). Mental health and diurnal salivary cortisol patterns among African American and European American female dementia family caregivers. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 684–693. | 30 African American and 24 European American female dementia family caregivers and 48 African American and 15 European American non-caregivers | Dementia | Quantitative |