Table 3.
Annual change by group in cognitive/functional measures
| Variable | Control (n=60) |
PTSD (n=63) |
TBI (n=37) |
TBI & PTSD (n=65) |
p-value a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADAS-Cog, mean (SD) | −0.02 (0.32) | −0.28 (0.26) | 0.09 (0.42) | 0.37 (0.33) | .29 |
| MMSE, mean (SD) | −0.14 (0.14) | −0.22 (0.11) | −0.13 (0.19) | −0.13 (0.15) | .91 |
| CDR SoB, mean (SD) | −0.05 (0.05) | −0.09 (0.04) | 0.10 (0.07) | −0.07 (0.05) | .03 |
| Delayed Recall, mean (SD) | 0.71 (0.30) | 0.33 (0.24) | 0.51 (0.39) | 0.55 (0.31) | .58 |
| RAVLT Sum of 5 trials, mean (SD) | 0.007 (0.80) | −0.59 (0.64) | −1.24 (1.01) | −0.34 (0.80) | .61 |
| Trails B, mean (SD) | 4.63 (3.39) | 3.23 (2.75) | 6.00 (4.48) | 8.75 (3.55) | .49 |
p-value for an overall group difference in rate of change
Annual change is estimated for a 65 year old cognitively unimpaired individual with 12 years of education and no APOE ε4 alleles. Annual change and the corresponding standard error are presented for each group.
Missing Data:
ADAS-Cog: 3 TBI & PTSD
MMSE: 1 TBI
CDR SoB: 3 Control, 4 PTSD, 4 TBI, 4 TBI & PTSD
Delayed Recall: 1 PTSD
Trails B: 2 PTSD, 1 TBI & PTSD
Abbreviations: ADAS-cog, Alzheimer’s disease assessment scale-cognitive subscale; CDR-SoB, Clinical dementia rating, sum of boxes; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MMSE, Mini-mental state examination; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; RAVLT, Rey auditory verbal learning test; TBI, traumatic brain injury.