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. 2023 Apr 10;11(3):e04024-22. doi: 10.1128/spectrum.04024-22

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Copyright © 2023 Adam et al.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.

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FIG 10 — (i) (A to C) Histopathology examination of the brains in the control challenge (A), wtAdv (B), and rAdv-GM-CSF (C) groups showed lymphocytic perivascular cuffing, congestion, gliosis, and spongiosis associated with neuronal necrosis. (D) Congested blood vessels with mild perivascular edema and spongiosis associated with neuronal necrosis in the La Sota group brain. (E) The rAdv-HN group brain shows congested blood vessels with mild perivascular edema and neuronal necrosis. (F and G) The rAdv-GM-CSF-HN group brain (F)and the negative control group brain (G) both appear to have normal structures. (ii) (A and B) Histopathology examination of the control challenge and wtAdv group lungs shows congested blood vessels, edema, and necrotizing pneumonia associated with interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration and narrowing of the alveolar space. (C) In the rAdv-GM-CSF group, congested blood vessels, interstitial hyperplasia, and necrotizing pneumonia are associated with interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration and alveolar space narrowing. (D) La Sota group lung, showing mildly congested blood vessels and edema. (E) A lung from the rAdv-HN group with mildly congested blood vessels, hemorrhage, and interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration. (F) Lung from the rAdv-GM-CSF-HN group with mildly congested blood vessels and normal alveolar structures. (G) The lung of the negative-control group has congested blood vessels with alveolar emphysema. (iii) (A) In the control challenge group, proventricular histopathology shows mildly congested blood vessels and severe necrotic foci. (B and C) Proventricular tissue from the (B) wtAdv and (C) rAdv-GM-CSF groups shows mildly congested blood vessels and moderate lymphocytic inflammatory reactions associated with severe necrotic foci. (D) The proventricular glandular epithelium has been replaced by hyperplastic ductal epithelium (ductal epithelial metaplasia). (E) rAdv-HN group proventricular structures appear normal with mild necrotic foci. (F and G) In the rAdv-GM-CSF-HN group(F) and in the negative control group (G), proventricular structures appear normal. (iv) (A to C) Histopathology examination of the cecal tonsils of the control challenge (A), wtAdv (B), and rAdv-GM-CSF (C) groups shows lymphocyte infiltration and degeneration associated with severe necrotic enteritis. (D) La Sota group cecal tonsils show moderate lymphocyte proliferation associated with severe necrotizing enteritis. (E) The rAdv-HN group cecal tonsils showed severe lymphocyte proliferation and epithelial necrosis. (F and G) rAdv-GM-CSF-HN cecal tonsils (F) and negative control group cecal tonsils (G) both show apparently normal structures. (v) (A to C) Histopathology examination of the spleens of the control challenge (A), wtAdv (B), and rAdv-GM-CSF (C) groups shows severe congested blood vessels, hemorrhage, lymphocyte depletion, edema, and severe necrosis associated with undistinguishable white and red pulp compartments. (D) La Sota group spleen showing severe congested blood vessels, hemorrhage, lymphocyte depletion, central artery, periarteriolar lymphatic sheath, and necrosis associated with undistinguishable white and red pulp. (E) Spleen from the rAdv-HN group with severe lymphocyte proliferation, hemorrhage, and a periarteriolar lymphatic sheath associated with indistinguishable pulp compartments. (F) rAdv-GM-CSF-HN group spleen with distinct white and red pulp compartments, a lymph nodule, a central artery, a periarteriolar lymphatic sheath, and a periellipsoidal lymphatic sheath. (G) Normal negative-control group spleen with distinct white and red pulp compartments, a central artery, and a periellipsoidal lymphatic sheath. (vi) (A to C) Histopathology examination of control challenge (A), wtAdv (B), and rAdv-GM-CSF (C) groups bursa of Fabricius shows severe lymphocyte depletion, degeneration with interfollicular congestion, and necrosis. (D) La Sota group bursa of Fabricius showing proliferation of follicular cells with intrafollicular necrosis. (E) The rAdv-HN group bursa of Fabricius shows proliferation of follicular cells with mild intrafollicular necrosis. (F and G) The rAdv-GM-CSF-HN bursa of Fabricius (F) and the negative-control group bursa of Fabricius (G), which show apparently normal structures. (vii) There is a significant and consistent difference in the histological change scores of the tissues among chickens per group. (viii) Histological change scores across organs in each group. The statistically significant differences are shown as *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; and ***, P < 0.001.