Table 3.
Comparisons of baseline characteristics between the original cohort and matched cohort.
| Covariates | Original cohort | Matched cohort | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low-CVP | High-CVP | SMD | p-value | Low-CVP | High-CVP | SMD | p-value | |
| N | 4,461 | 1,091 | 1,046 | 1,046 | ||||
| Age | 69 (62–76) | 69 (61–77) | 0.003 | 0.670 | 69 (62–76) | 69 (62–77) | 0.029 | 0.506 |
| Male (%) | 3,489/4,461 (78.2) | 796/1,091 (73.0) | 0.125 | <0.001*** | 772/1,046 (73.8) | 772/1,046 (73.8) | <0.001 | 0.999 |
| Weight (kg) | 84.0 (72.7–96.0) | 88.0 (77.0–102.0) | 0.260 | <0.001*** | 87.5 (75.7–101.9) | 88.0 (77.0–102.0) | 0.013 | 0.596 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||||||
| Asian | 115/4,461 (2.6) | 16/1,091 (1.5) | 0.073 | 0.034* | 22/1,046 (2.1) | 16/1,046 (1.5) | 0.042 | 0.413 |
| Black | 156/4,461 (3.5) | 45/1,091 (4.1) | 0.033 | 0.320 | 45/1,046 (4.3) | 43/1,046 (4.1) | 0.009 | 0.913 |
| White | 3,201/4,461 (71.7) | 804/1,091 (73.7) | 0.043 | 0.214 | 744/1,046 (71.2) | 774/1,046 (74.0) | 0.064 | 0.155 |
| Latino | 134/4,461 (3.0) | 31/1,091 (2.8) | 0.009 | 0.842 | 32/1,046 (3.0) | 31/1,046 (3.0) | 0.005 | 0.999 |
| Other | 855/4,461 (19.2) | 195/1,091 (17.9) | 0.033 | 0.343 | 203/1,046 (19.4) | 182/1,046 (17.4) | 0.051 | 0.259 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||||
| Myocardial infarction | 1,719/4,461 (38.5) | 477/1,091 (43.7) | 0.106 | 0.002** | 446/1,046 (42.6) | 449/1,046 (42.9) | 0.006 | 0.930 |
| Congestive heart failure | 991/4,461 (22.2) | 414/1,091 (37.9) | 0.362 | <0.001*** | 381/1,046 (36.4) | 375/1,046 (35.9) | 0.012 | 0.820 |
| Diabetes | 1,868/4,461 (41.9) | 476/1,091 (43.6) | 0.035 | 0.305 | 474/1,046 (45.3) | 459/1,046 (43.9) | 0.029 | 0.538 |
| Liver disease | 136/4,461 (3.0) | 73/1,091 (6.7) | 0.191 | <0.001*** | 54/1,046 (5.2) | 62/1,046 (5.9) | 0.033 | 0.504 |
| Chronic renal disease | 772/4,461 (17.3) | 257/1,091 (23.6) | 0.161 | <0.001*** | 235/1,046 (22.5) | 244/1,046 (23.3) | 0.020 | 0.677 |
| Hypertension | 2,753/4,461 (61.7) | 617/1,091 (56.6) | 0.106 | 0.002** | 592/1,046 (56.6) | 592/1,046 (56.6) | <0.001 | 0.999 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1,740/4,461 (39.0) | 522/1,091 (47.8) | 0.180 | <0.001*** | 472/1,046 (45.1) | 486/1,046 (46.5) | 0.027 | 0.568 |
| Severity of illness | ||||||||
| SOFA score | 5 (4–7) | 7 (5–9) | 0.626 | <0.001*** | 7 (5–9) | 6 (5–9) | 0.004 | 0.930 |
| SAPS II score | 35 (29–42) | 40 (32–49) | 0.379 | <0.001*** | 38 (31–49) | 39 (32–48) | 0.037 | 0.228 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 5 (4–6) | 6 (4–7) | 0.250 | <0.001*** | 5 (4–7) | 6 (4–7) | 0.042 | 0.053 |
| Vital signs | ||||||||
| MAP (mmHg) | 58 (54–62) | 57 (52–61) | 0.196 | <0.001*** | 58 (53–62) | 57 (52–62) | 0.117 | 0.056 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 67 (61–74) | 69 (62–76) | 0.172 | <0.001*** | 68 (62–74) | 69 (62–76) | 0.108 | 0.051 |
| Temperature (°C) | 36.3 (35.7–36.4) | 36.1 (35.6–36.5) | 0.026 | 0.204 | 36.2 (35.6–36.4) | 36.1 (35.6–36.5) | 0.023 | 0.360 |
| Respiratory rate (bpm) | 11 (9–13) | 11 (9–13) | 0.057 | 0.107 | 11 (9–13) | 11 (9–13) | 0.027 | 0.434 |
| Laboratory tests | ||||||||
| WBC (×109/L) | 9.0 (7.0–12.5) | 9.4 (7.2–13.0) | 0.090 | <0.001*** | 9.2 (7.1–13.1) | 9.4 (7.2–12.9) | 0.012 | 0.705 |
| Hemoglobin (×1012/L) | 11.5 (9.6–13.4) | 11.4 (9.6–13.2) | 0.029 | 0.350 | 11.3 (9.5–13.2) | 11.4 (9.6–13.2) | 0.027 | 0.546 |
| Platelet (×109/L) | 180 (141–226) | 189 (147–238) | 0.118 | <0.001*** | 178 (141–223) | 189 (148–237) | 0.160 | 0.051 |
| Bicarbonate (mmol/L) | 24 (23–26) | 25 (22–27) | 0.047 | 0.215 | 24 (22–26) | 25 (22–27) | 0.101 | 0.057 |
| BUN (mg/dl) | 17 (14–22) | 18 (14–25) | 0.223 | <0.001*** | 18 (14–25) | 18 (14–25) | 0.052 | 0.923 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.90 (0.80–1.10) | 1.00 (0.80–1.30) | 0.117 | <0.001*** | 1.00 (0.80–1.27) | 1.00 (0.80–1.27) | 0.120 | 0.362 |
CVP, central venous pressure; SMD, standardized mean difference; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; SAPS II, simplified acute physiology score II; MAP, mean arterial pressure; WBC, white blood cell; BUN, blood urea nitrogen.
*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.