Table 2.

Prevalence, penetrance, pathology, and clinical features of LRRK2‐PD versus GBA1‐PD.

	LRRK2	GBA1	References
Prevalence in PD	0–39%	5–20%	[9, 106, 157, 158]
Male/female representation	Comparable	Males overrepresented	[58, 59, 159]
Penetrance in PD	17–85%	10–30%	[9, 11, 160]
Pathology	Less frequent LBs; More frequent AD‐like pathology. TDP‐43 deposits, ubiquitin‐positive inclusions and pure nigral degeneration have also been reported	Typical PD pathology, with LB deposition	[2, 39, 40, 41, 42]
Clinical presentation
Motor features	Comparable to iPD	Comparable to iPD, but faster motor progression, more frequent dysphagia, dyskinesia and motor fluctuations	[9, 43, 116, 117, 161]
Cognitive decline	Less severe, later onset, dementia less frequent	More severe, earlier onset, faster progression, dementia more frequent	[9, 43, 116, 161]
Psychiatric symptoms	Less frequent	More frequent	[53, 54, 55, 161]
Autonomic symptoms	Less frequent	More frequent	[46, 48, 49, 55, 161]
Hyposmia	Less frequent	More frequent	[9, 45, 55, 162]
RBD	Less frequent	More frequent	[59, 162, 163]
Longitudinal features
Onset	Comparable to iPD or slightly earlier	Earlier	[9, 56, 159]
Overall progression	Slower	Faster	[9, 164]

AD, Alzheimer's disease; iPD, idiopathic Parkinson's Disease; LBs, Lewy bodies; PD, Parkinson's disease; PIGD, postural instability and gait disorders; Prevalence in PD, prevalence of LRRK2/GBA variant carriers in PD patients; RBD, REM sleep behavior disorder; TDP‐43, TAR DNA‐binding protein 43.