Table 1.
Summary of articles related to CODID-19 therapeutic options
|
Title/Reference
|
Type of Study/ Number of Patients
|
Drug Regimen
|
Country
|
Outcome
|
Formulary Status
|
| Human Clinical Studies | |||||
| Lopinavir-Ritonavir | |||||
| A trial of lopinavir-ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe COVID-19[37] | 99 patients | Lopinavir-ritonavir | China | Treatment with lopinavir-ritonavir was not associated with a difference from standard care in the time to clinical improvement (hazard ratio for clinical improvement, 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.90–1.72). Mortality at 28 days was similar in the lopinavir-ritonavir group and the standard-care group (19.2% vs. 25.0%; difference, −5.8 percentage points; 95% CI, −17.3 to 5.7). In a modified intention-to-treat analysis, lopinavir-ritonavir led to a median time to clinical improvement that was shorter by 1 day than observed with standard care (hazard ratio, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.00–1.91) | Yes |
| Epidemiologic features and clinical course of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore[22] | Patients in current outbreak n = 5 | Lopinavir-ritonavir | Singapore | For 3 of 5 patients, fever resolved and supplemental oxygen requirement was reduced within 3 days, whereas 2 deteriorated with progressive respiratory failure | Yes |
| Clinical characteristics of laboratory confirmed positive cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan, China: a retrospective single center analysis[23] | Patients in current outbreak n = 32 (received the antiviral) | Lopinavir-ritonavir | China-Wuhan | Could not be determined, but 1 patient showed improvements in his chest radiographs. And patients who were not prescribed lopinavir-ritonavir and patients prior to being prescribed lopinavir-ritonavir tended to have worse manifestations on their chest radiographs (14/16, 87.5%). | Yes |
| Clinical characteristics and imaging manifestations of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter study in Wenzhou City, Zhejiang, China[25] | Patients in current outbreak | Lopinavir-ritonavir | Wenzhou City, Zhejiang, China | Ongoing | Yes |
| Case of the index patient who caused tertiary transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 in Korea: the application of lopinavir/ritonavir for the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia monitored by quantitative RT-PCR[35] | 1 patient | Lopinavir-ritonavir | Korea | Coronavirus viral loads significantly decreased and no or little coronavirus titers were observed | Yes |
| Arbidol combined with LPV/r versus LPV/r alone against Corona Virus Disease 2019: a retrospective cohort study[38] | 16 patients | Arbidol combined with lopinavir-ritonavir | China | The COVID-19 could not be detected for (75%) of patients' nasopharyngeal specimens in the combination group after seven days, compared with (35%) of in the monotherapy group (p < 0.05). After 14 days, 16 of 17 (94%) and 9 (52.9%) of 17 COVID-19 could not be detected (p < 0.05). The chest CT improved for (69%) of patients in the combination group after 7 days, compared with (29%) of the monotherapy group (p < 0·05) | Arbidol: no |
| Remdesivir | |||||
| First case of 2019 novel cornavirus in the united states[8] | Patient in current outbreak n = 1 | Remdesivir | USA | Patient improved and alive | No Not yet available, under clinical trials (Glilade) |
| Clinical analysis of 31 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children from six provinces (autonomous region) of northern China[24] | Patients in current outbreak n = 31 (pediatric) | Supportive only | Northern China | No deaths | |
| Oseltamivir | |||||
| Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China[26] | Patients in current outbreak n = 138 | Oseltamivir | Wuhan, China | No effective outcomes were observed Mortality 4.3 % | Yes |
| Clinical characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China[27] | 1099 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from 552 hospitals in 30 provinces | 35.8% received oseltamivir | China | No direct conclusion Mortality 2.5% | Yes |
| Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study[21] | n = 99 | Oseltamivir (75 mg every 12 hours, orally), ganciclovir (0.25 g every 12 hours, intravenously), and lopinavir and ritonavir tablets (500 mg twice daily, orally). The duration of antiviral treatment was 3–14 days (median 3 days [interquartile range 3–6]). | Wuhan, China | Not specifically reported, but mortality was 11% | Yes |
| Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine | |||||
| Breakthrough: chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies[34] (as press release no full publication) | 100 patients | Chloroquine | 10 hospitals in Wuhan, Jingzhou, Guangzhou, Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, and Ningbo | Chloroquine phosphate is superior to the control treatment in inhibiting the exacerbation of pneumonia, improving lung imaging findings, promoting a virus negative conversion, and shortening the disease course (results given through news briefing, not published) | Yes |
| Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial[36] | 26 patients | Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin | France | At day 6 postinclusion, 100% of patients treated with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin combination were virologically cured compared with 57.1% in patients treated with hydroxychloroquine only, and 12.5% in the control group (p < 0.001) | Yes |
| Ribavirin | |||||
| Clinical characteristics of imported cases of COVID-19 in Jiangsu Province: a multicenter descriptive study[28] | 80 patients | Ribavirin antiviral therapy for 3–12 days | Jiangsu, China | 21 cases were discharged from the hospital, and no patient died. The average length of stay for discharged patients was 8 days | Yes |
| In vitro | |||||
| Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro[29] | In vitro | Remdesivir and chloroquine | China | Remdesivir and chloroquine are highly effective in the control of 2019-nCoV infection in vitro | Remdesivir: No chloroquine: yes |
| In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)[39] | In vitro | Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine | China | Hydroxychloroquine was found to be more potent than chloroquine to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in vitro | Yes |
| Theoretical | |||||
| COVID-19: combining antiviral and anti-inflammatory treatments[30] | In vitro modeling | Baricitinib, ruxolitinib, fedratinib | UK | Theoretical | Baricitinib: no Ruxolitinib: yes Fedratinib: no |
| Broad spectrum antiviral agent niclosamide and its therapeutic potential[31] | Theoretical | Niclosamide | USA | Theoretical | Yes |
| Learning from the past: possible urgent prevention and treatment options for Severe Acute Respiratory Infections caused by 2019-nCoV[32] | Theoretical | Remdesivir | USA | Theoretical | No Not yet available, under clinical trials (Glilade) |
| Advances in the research of cytokine storm mechanism induced by Corona Virus Disease 2019 and the corresponding immunotherapies[33] | Theoretical, based on cytokine storm syndrome | Convalescent plasma Interleukin-6 antibody blocker (tocilizumab) Stem cell therapy | China | Theoretical convalescent plasma: but used in SARS successful Tocilizumab: clinical trial ongoing (only for severs cases) | Tocilizumab: yes |