Table 1.

Kinetic constants of highest activity AvPAL* variants.

PAL-variant	Model	Vmax (μmole·min−1·mg−1)	KM (μM)	Ki (mM)	kcat (s−1)	kcat/KM (S−1·μM−1)	Fold increase kcat
AvPAL*	MM	0.93 ± 0.01	137 ± 0	-	0.97	0.007	1.00
M222L	MM	1.85 ± 0.02	145 ± 7	-	1.93	0.013	1.99
L4P-G218S	SI	1.86 ± 0.02	199 ± 9	208 ± 39	1.94	0.010	2.00
G218S	SI	1.49 ± 0.02	180 ± 9	164 ± 26	1.55	0.009	1.60
G218A	SI	1.01 ± 0.02	43 ± 4	96 ± 18	1.05	0.024	1.09
T102P	MM	1.88 ± 0.02	253 ± 20	-	1.96	0.008	2.02
T102E-M222L	MM	2.33 ± 0.02	144 ± 6	-	2.43	0.017	2.51
T102S-M222L	SI	1.88 ± 0.02	111 ± 6	371 ± 136	1.96	0.018	2.02
T102M-M222L-D306G-N453G	SI	1.15 ± 0.01	48 ± 3	147 ± 24	1.20	0.025	1.24
T102R-M222L-D306G	SI	2.16 ± 0.02	96 ± 4	169 ± 21	2.25	0.023	2.32

MM – Michaelis-Menten (Eqn 2), SI – Substrate inhibition, (Eqn 3)