TABLE 1.
Demographics and overall glycemic controls among patients included into this analysis.
| Total (N = 102) | Group 1 (n = 27) (A1C ≤ 6.7%) | Group 2 (n = 30) (A1C = 6.7–7.3%) | Group 3 (n = 23) (A1C = 7.3–7.8%) | Group 4 (n = 22) (A1C ≥ 7.8%) | p‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (F/M) | 68/34 | 18/9 | 22/8 | 15/8 | 13/9 | 0.779 |
| Age (years) | 35.24 (12.59) | 31.92 (9.94) | 35.16 (13.69) | 39.31 (14.50) | 35.18 (11.35) | 0.238 |
| Duration (years) | 8.88 [2.86, 13.00] | 4.00 [1.78, 11.05] | 9.88 [5.57, 13.33] | 5.97 [3.25, 12.99] | 10.54 [4.07, 15.33] | 0.089 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.25 (0.88) | 6.17 (0.51) | 7.09 (0.17) | 7.60 (0.15) | 8.44 (0.42) | <0.001 |
| CSII/MDI (n/n) | 52/50 | 21/6 | 12/18 | 12/11 | 7/15 | 0.007 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.75 (3.02) | 21.39 (2.63) | 21.52 (3.03) | 22.93 (3.78) | 21.27 (2.40) | 0.205 |
| Hb (g/L) | 132.52 (14.68) | 130.63 (14.23) | 132.63 (17.02) | 134.30 (15.20) | 132.82 (11.65) | 0.855 |
| Wearing Days (d) | 5.90 (2.97) | 5.30 (2.85) | 6.93 (3.31) | 5.83 (2.66) | 5.32 (2.75) | 0.008 |
| FBG (mg/dL) | 157.19 (28.55) | 135.33 (24.47) | 152.08 (15.83) | 157.81 (21.71) | 190.32 (23.16) | <0.001 |
| CGM metrics (Overall) | ||||||
| MBG (mg/dL) | 159.08 (26.48) | 132.25 (19.56) | 153.54 (13.61) | 167.80 (15.00) | 190.45 (17.98) | <0.001 |
| eHbA1c (%) | 7.17 (0.92) | 6.24 (0.68) | 6.98 (0.47) | 7.47 (0.52) | 8.26 (0.63) | <0.001 |
| GMI (%) | 7.12 (0.63) | 6.47 (0.47) | 6.98 (0.33) | 7.32 (0.36) | 7.87 (0.43) | <0.001 |
| TIR in 70–180 mg/dL (%) | 63.04 (15.63) | 76.25 (13.53) | 67.37 (11.70) | 57.15 (9.86) | 47.07 (10.05) | <0.001 |
| TAR > 180 mg/dL (%) | 31.46 [21.22, 41.80] | 16.45 [9.18, 21.80] | 30.54 [21.41, 33.46] | 37.85 [28.99, 44.29] | 49.10 [42.88, 60.12] | <0.001 |
| TAR > 250 mg/dL (%) | 8.65 [3.81, 15.16] | 2.66 [0.90, 5.09] | 7.09 [2.62, 12.75] | 12.31 [8.41, 17.73] | 17.17 [12.06, 20.77] | <0.001 |
| TBR < 54 mg/dL (%) | 0.11 [0.00, 1.46] | 0.00 [0.00, 1.56] | 0.33 [0.00, 1.67] | 0.79 [0.06, 1.85] | 0.00 [0.00, 0.00] | 0.005 |
| TBR < 70 mg/dL (%) | 2.41 [0.52, 6.35] | 2.71 [0.61, 13.73] | 3.44 [0.95, 5.93] | 3.99 [1.76, 6.85] | 0.64 [0.00, 1.52] | 0.001 |
| CV (%) | 32.51 (8.03) | 32.14 (9.30) | 33.16 (8.26) | 35.68 (6.61) | 28.74 (6.05) | 0.034 |
| SD (mg/dL) | 51.36 (14.02) | 42.88 (13.44) | 50.82 (13.93) | 59.17 (10.96) | 54.36 (12.58) | <0.001 |
| MAGE (mg/dL) | 110.07 (37.88) | 85.68 (27.59) | 111.99 (43.33) | 125.39 (30.76) | 121.38 (34.85) | <0.001 |
| MODD (mg/dL) | 60.92 (19.25) | 47.02 (16.46) | 60.97 (18.27) | 70.55 (17.63) | 67.85 (16.12) | <0.001 |
Note: *Between‐group comparisons were calculated using ANOVA (Bonferroni's post‐hoc test) in the mixed‐effects linear regression, which is fitted with random effects for individuals and fixed effects for HbA1c groups, and adjusted for age, gender, diabetic duration, treatment and body mass index.
Abbreviations: CGM, continuous glucose monitoring; CSII, continuous subcutaneous insulin injection; CV, coefficient of variation; FBG, fasting blood glucose; GMI, glucose management indicator; Hb, hemoglobin; MAGE, mean amplitude of glycemic excursions; MBG, mean blood glucose; MDI, multiple daily injection; MODD, mean of daily differences; SD, standard deviation; TAR, time above range; TBR, time below range; TIR, time in range.