Table 2.
Mean consumption of EDSF and EDD by sample characteristics among children aged 7–12 years, Dutch National Food Consumption Survey 2007–2010
| EDSF events (number/d) | Energy intake from EDSF (kJ/d) | EDD consumption (ml/d) | Energy intake from EDD (kJ/d) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | |
| Total sample | 3·3 | 1·6 | 1569·7 | 928·7 | 594·2 | 342·3 | 737·2 | 495·9 |
| Age | ||||||||
| (1) 7 or 8 years | 3·0 | 1·4 | 1320·7 | 709·6 | 568·4 | 315·7 | 674·2 | 456·9 |
| (2) 9 or 10 years | 3·5 | 1·8 | 1668·3 | 957·9 | 630·9 | 323·5 | 763·4 | 450·3 |
| (3) 11 or 12 years | 3·4 | 1·7 | 1729·9 | 1045·0 | 585·9 | 383·3 | 776·4 | 567·8 |
| Post hoc Bonferroni† | 2>1****, 3>1* | 2>1****, 3>1**** | 3>1* | |||||
| Cohen’s d ‡ | 0·30, 0·21 | 0·38, 0·45 | 0·21 | |||||
| Sex | ||||||||
| (1) Boys | 3·2 | 1·6 | 1572·0 | 957·0 | 610·9 | 355·5 | 747·9 | 519·9 |
| (2) Girls | 3·4 | 1·7 | 1567·2 | 1411·6 | 576·4 | 327·8 | 725·7 | 470·2 |
| Post hoc Bonferroni | 2>1* | NS | NS | NS | ||||
| Cohen’s d | 0·16 | |||||||
| BMI | ||||||||
| (1) Underweight | 3·4 | 1·7 | 1532·1 | 822·8 | 527·8 | 298·6 | 588·6 | 398·4 |
| (2) Normal weight | 3·3 | 1·7 | 1595·1 | 960·2 | 603·3 | 334·6 | 763·9 | 500·3 |
| (3) Overweight or obese | 3·2 | 1·6 | 1501·2 | 872·3 | 595·2 | 389·3 | 714·8 | 516·3 |
| Post hoc Bonferroni | NS | NS | NS | 2>1** | ||||
| Cohen’s d | 0·35 | |||||||
| Ethnicity | ||||||||
| (1) Native Dutch | 3·4 | 1·6 | 1583·8 | 922·2 | 592·4 | 330·0 | 733·4 | 495·0 |
| (2) Western immigrant | 3·4 | 1·7 | 1731·0 | 1056·8 | 616·2 | 358·5 | 828·4 | 524·3 |
| (3) Non-Western immigrant | 2·7 | 1·8 | 1376·2 | 935·4 | 534·4 | 411·0 | 654·4 | 450·5 |
| Post hoc Bonferroni | 1>3* | NS | NS | NS | ||||
| Cohen’s d | 0·40 | |||||||
| Household income | ||||||||
| (1) Low | 3·3 | 1·5 | 1642·4 | 915·0 | 621·5 | 359·7 | 752·6 | 479·3 |
| (2) Intermediate | 3·4 | 1·9 | 1588·3 | 958·3 | 566·6 | 340·1 | 710·4 | 517·5 |
| (3) High | 3·2 | 1·5 | 1476·8 | 914·6 | 592·1 | 326·4 | 746·4 | 495·3 |
| Post hoc Bonferroni | NS | NS | NS | NS | ||||
| Degree of urbanization | ||||||||
| (1) Low | 3·5 | 1·7 | 1613·7 | 938·8 | 602·1 | 333·2 | 727·5 | 473·2 |
| (2) Intermediate | 3·2 | 1·8 | 1502·6 | 1001·4 | 582·2 | 292·7 | 717·9 | 467·1 |
| (3) High | 3·1 | 1·5 | 1561·6 | 887·0 | 592·8 | 373·3 | 755·2 | 531·1 |
| Post hoc Bonferroni | 1>3** | NS | NS | NS | ||||
| Cohen’s d | 0·24 | |||||||
| Educational level of mother | ||||||||
| (1) Low | 3·4 | 1·7 | 1668·3 | 947·7 | 625·1 | 347·4 | 802·0 | 535·6 |
| (2) Intermediate | 3·3 | 1·7 | 1593·6 | 946·8 | 600·9 | 341·3 | 744·0 | 490·1 |
| (3) High | 3·1 | 1·4 | 1373·9 | 843·4 | 540·8 | 334·1 | 630·2 | 429·0 |
| Post hoc Bonferroni | NS | 1>3** | 1>3* | 1>3***, 2>3* | ||||
| Cohen’s d | 0·29 | 0·25 | 0·34, 0·22 | |||||
| Educational level of father | ||||||||
| (1) Low | 3·4 | 1·7 | 1630·7 | 930·0 | 607·9 | 330·1 | 760·3 | 485·5 |
| (2) Intermediate | 3·4 | 1·6 | 1613·1 | 879·8 | 607·7 | 357·4 | 759·3 | 531·3 |
| (3) High | 3·1 | 1·7 | 1380·2 | 911·4 | 553·8 | 308·9 | 662·4 | 444·3 |
| Post hoc Bonferroni | NS | 1>3*, 2>3*** | NS | NS | ||||
| Cohen’s d | 0·28, 0·29 | |||||||
| Employment of mother | ||||||||
| (1) Employed | 3·3 | 1·6 | 1593·4 | 926·9 | 598·3 | 337·0 | 761·9 | 512·7 |
| (2) Non-employed | 3·3 | 1·7 | 1518·2 | 941·9 | 593·4 | 358·1 | 684·0 | 450·7 |
| Post hoc Bonferroni | NS | NS | NS | 1>2* | ||||
| Cohen’s d | 0·16 | |||||||
| Employment of father | ||||||||
| (1) Employed | 3·4 | 1·7 | 1558·6 | 906·9 | 594·5 | 337·8 | 731·6 | 494·3 |
| (2) Non-employed | 2·8 | 1·3 | 1462·9 | 891·3 | 622·2 | 359·9 | 801·7 | 585·4 |
| Post hoc Bonferroni | NS | NS | NS | NS | ||||
| Household size | ||||||||
| (1) 2 | 3·2 | 1·8 | 1559·4 | 1475·3 | 521·4 | 370·6 | 678·0 | 437·5 |
| (2) 3 | 3·1 | 1·4 | 1692·5 | 987·2 | 627·9 | 340·2 | 805·1 | 489·9 |
| (3) 4 | 3·3 | 1·6 | 1540·1 | 908·7 | 614·3 | 354·1 | 765·1 | 532·7 |
| (4) ≥5 | 3·4 | 1·8 | 1539·3 | 927·0 | 557·2 | 320·6 | 665·7 | 448·6 |
| Post hoc Bonferroni | NS | NS | NS | 2>4* | ||||
| Cohen’s d | 0·29 | |||||||
EDSF, energy-dense snack food; EDD, energy-dense drink.
Analyses were weighted for small deviations in sociodemographic characteristics, day of the week and season of data collection; age was included as a covariate.
*P<0·05, **P<0·01, ***P<0·005, ****P<0·001.
†
ANCOVA without age as a covariate.
‡
Cohen’s d values were calculated from subgroup means and standard errors produced by ANCOVA (with age as a covariate): Cohen’s 