Table 2.
Pooled effect estimates (ES) and heterogeneity of raw and de-attenuated/energy-adjusted (de-att/E-adj) correlation coefficients (CC) for energy and nutrients
| Raw CC | De-att/E-adj CC | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nutrient | No. of studies | Pooled ES | 95 % CI | I 2 % | P | No. of studies | Pooled ES | 95 % CI | I 2 % | P |
| Energy | 16 | 0·51 | 0·38, 0·64 | 96·1 | <0·001 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Protein | 15 | 0·46 | 0·33, 0·58 | 93·6 | <0·001 | 11 | 0·40 | 0·33, 0·46 | 39·3 | 0·087 |
| Carbohydrate | 15 | 0·47 | 0·37, 0·58 | 92·0 | <0·001 | 11 | 0·50 | 0·37, 0·62 | 88·0 | <0·001 |
| Sugar | 4 | 0·37 | 0·23, 0·51 | 68·7 | 0·022 | 3 | 0·38 | 0·21, 0·56 | 56·9 | 0·098 |
| Fibre | 15 | 0·40 | 0·33, 0·48 | 80·1 | <0·001 | 12 | 0·46 | 0·37, 0·54 | 79·9 | <0·001 |
| Total fat | 16 | 0·49 | 0·36, 0·61 | 93·9 | <0·001 | 12 | 0·49 | 0·40, 0·59 | 79·8 | <0·001 |
| SFA | 7 | 0·48 | 0·34, 0·63 | 93·1 | <0·001 | 4 | 0·44 | 0·38, 0·50 | 0·0 | 0·984 |
| MUFA | 7 | 0·40 | 0·24, 0·57 | 93·0 | <0·001 | 4 | 0·35 | 0·25, 0·45 | 47·4 | 0·127 |
| PUFA | 8 | 0·29 | 0·10, 0·48 | 95·0 | <0·001 | 5 | 0·26 | 0·15, 0·38 | 65·8 | 0·020 |
| Cholesterol | 10 | 0·38 | 0·30, 0·44 | 68·5 | 0·001 | 7 | 0·46 | 0·33, 0·59 | 82·5 | <0·001 |
| Thiamin | 8 | 0·44 | 0·36, 0·51 | 69·7 | 0·002 | 5 | 0·47 | 0·37, 0·56 | 62·2 | 0·032 |
| Riboflavin | 8 | 0·49 | 0·34, 0·63 | 94·4 | <0·001 | 5 | 0·47 | 0·37, 0·57 | 63·7 | 0·041 |
| Niacin | 8 | 0·42 | 0·29, 0·55 | 90·8 | <0·001 | 5 | 0·41 | 0·31, 0·52 | 71·3 | 0·008 |
| Vitamin B6 | 3 | 0·51 | 0·29, 0·74 | 92·8 | <0·001 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Vitamin B12 | 3 | 0·48 | 0·42, 0·55 | 0·0 | 0·962 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Folic acid | 7 | 0·41 | 0·29, 0·52 | 82·1 | <0·001 | 4 | 0·46 | 0·29, 0·65 | 86·7 | <0·001 |
| Vitamin C | 10 | 0·39 | 0·28, 0·49 | 86·4 | <0·001 | 7 | 0·48 | 0·23, 0·72 | 97·2 | <0·001 |
| Vitamin A | 9 | 0·39 | 0·26, 0·51 | 89·7 | <0·001 | 6 | 0·37 | 0·23, 0·50 | 87·6 | <0·001 |
| Carotene | 5 | 0·29 | 0·23, 0·36 | 35·3 | 0·186 | 4 | 0·42 | 0·32, 0·52 | 61·9 | 0·049 |
| Vitamin E | 4 | 0·39 | 0·25, 0·53 | 76·1 | 0·003 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Ca | 15 | 0·52 | 0·42, 0·62 | 91·1 | <0·001 | 11 | 0·55 | 0·48, 0·61 | 54·8 | 0·014 |
| Mg | 8 | 0·50 | 0·36, 0·64 | 93·1 | <0·001 | 5 | 0·51 | 0·43, 0·58 | 39·8 | 0·156 |
| P | 5 | 0·51 | 0·33, 0·89 | 94·8 | <0·001 | 4 | 0·50 | 0·44, 0·57 | 36·0 | 0·196 |
| K | 7 | 0·46 | 0·29, 0·63 | 92·2 | <0·001 | 5 | 0·42 | 0·35, 0·50 | 46·6 | 0·112 |
| Na | 7 | 0·41 | 0·22, 0·60 | 92·5 | <0·001 | 5 | 0·35 | 0·11, 0·59 | 91·2 | <0·001 |
| Fe | 12 | 0·45 | 0·36, 0·55 | 86·8 | <0·001 | 9 | 0·44 | 0·33, 0·55 | 84·2 | <0·001 |
| Zn | 8 | 0·38 | 0·27, 0·49 | 82·7 | <0·001 | 5 | 0·40 | 0·27, 0·52 | 81·0 | <0·001 |
NA, not available.