Table 3.

Pooled effect estimates (standardized mean differences (SMD)) and heterogeneity of the means and standard deviations of energy and nutrients

Nutrient	No. of studies	SMD	95 % CI	I 2 %	P
Energy	16	0·22	−0·10, 0·54	96·4	<0·001
Protein	15	0·18	−0·08, 0·45	94·5	<0·001
Carbohydrate	15	0·45	−0·04, 0·94	98·4	<0·001
Sugar	4	0·59	0·44, 0·73	30·1	0·232
Fibre	15	0·40	0·05, 0·76	97·0	<0·001
Total fat	16	0·15	−0·25, 0·54	97·5	<0·001
SFA	7	0·25	−0·67, 1·17	99·3	<0·001
MUFA	7	0·41	−0·47, 1·29	99·1	<0·001
PUFA	8	−0·03	−0·58, 0·52	98·1	<0·001
Cholesterol	10	−0·04	−0·38, 0·29	95·9	<0·001
Thiamin	8	−0·03	−0·24, 0·31	92·8	<0·001
Riboflavin	7	0·35	−0·11, 0·81	97·5	<0·001
Niacin	7	0·12	−0·63, 0·87	99·0	<0·001
Vitamin B6	2	0·16	−0·01, 0·32	5·6	0·303
Vitamin B12	3	0·33	−0·25, 0·91	95·3	<0·001
Folic acid	5	0·02	−0·43, 0·46	96·2	<0·001
Vitamin C	9	0·32	0·06, 0·58	92·9	<0·001
Vitamin A	7	0·10	−0·18, 0·37	90·8	<0·001
Carotene	5	0·56	0·29, 0·85	91·9	<0·001
Vitamin E	4	0·18	−0·14, 0·49	86·9	<0·001
Ca	15	0·26	−0·01, 0·54	94·8	<0·001
Mg	7	0·36	0·11, 0·60	89·6	<0·001
P	5	0·33	−0·33, 0·96	97·8	<0·001
K	6	0·60	0·11, 1·09	95·1	<0·001
Na	6	0·15	−0·51, 0·80	97·2	<0·001
Fe	12	0·15	−0·17, 0·47	96·2	<0·001
Zn	8	0·34	0·09, 0·58	91·9	<0·001