Table 1.
Multinomial logistic regression analysis* of maternal BMI (using WHO cut-offs) by demographic and socio-economic variables; Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys (1996 to 2007)
| Underweight | Overweight | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | χ 2 | P | |
| Region | ||||||
| Barisal | 0·85 | 0·73, 0·97 | 0·96 | 0·69, 1·35 | 51·94 | <0·001 |
| Chittagong | 0·72 | 0·63, 0·81 | 1·15 | 0·88, 1·51 | ||
| Dhaka | 0·81 | 0·72, 0·91 | 1·03 | 0·78, 1·35 | ||
| Khulna | 0·67 | 0·58, 0·77 | 0·95 | 0·70, 1·28 | ||
| Rajshahi | 0·72 | 0·64, 0·82 | 1·09 | 0·81, 1·46 | ||
| Sylhet | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | ||
| Residency | ||||||
| Urban | 0·91 | 0·83, 1·00 | 1·57 | 1·32, 1·88 | 33·46 | <0·001 |
| Rural | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | ||
| Occupation of husband | ||||||
| None | 1·05 | 0·94, 1·16 | 1·09 | 0·77, 1·54 | 43·34 | <0·001 |
| Professional | 0·93 | 0·66, 1·30 | 1·79 | 0·96, 3·33 | ||
| Skilled manual | 0·69 | 0·54, 0·88 | 1·50 | 1·06, 2·13 | ||
| Business | 0·92 | 0·84, 1·01 | 1·32 | 1·00, 1·74 | ||
| Agricultural worker | 0·88 | 0·79, 0·97 | 1·69 | 1·28, 2·22 | ||
| Unskilled labour | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | ||
| Occupation of the mother | ||||||
| None | 1·17 | 0·92, 1·49 | 0·93 | 0·39, 2·25 | 18·18 | ns |
| Professional | 1·08 | 0·86, 1·37 | 1·13 | 0·48, 2·64 | ||
| Skilled manual | 0·86 | 0·51, 1·45 | 0·80 | 0·31, 2·08 | ||
| Business | 1·14 | 0·84, 1·56 | 0·76 | 0·30, 1·90 | ||
| Agricultural worker | 1·42 | 0·98, 2·05 | 0·71 | 0·22, 2·29 | ||
| Unskilled labour | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | ||
| Education of husband | ||||||
| None | 1·13 | 0·94, 1·35 | 0·53 | 0·38, 0·73 | 25·68 | <0·001 |
| Primary | 1·07 | 0·90, 1·28 | 0·65 | 0·49, 0·86 | ||
| Secondary | 0·98 | 0·83, 1·16 | 0·70 | 0·56, 0·87 | ||
| Higher | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | ||
| Education of the mother | ||||||
| None | 1·65 | 1·28, 2·12 | 0·67 | 0·48, 0·95 | 34·77 | <0·001 |
| Primary | 1·55 | 1·21, 1·99 | 0·91 | 0·68, 1·23 | ||
| Secondary | 1·40 | 1·11, 1·78 | 1·13 | 0·90, 1·43 | ||
| Higher | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | ||
| Possession score | ||||||
| 0 | 1·51 | 1·21, 1·87 | 0·35 | 0·24, 0·50 | 124·48 | <0·001 |
| 1 | 1·36 | 1·10, 1·69 | 0·51 | 0·37, 0·69 | ||
| 2 | 1·23 | 0·99, 1·52 | 0·89 | 0·69, 1·15 | ||
| 3 | 1·05 | 0·84, 1·31 | 1·12 | 0·87, 1·44 | ||
| 4 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | ||
| House type | ||||||
| All thatched | 1·43 | 1·19, 1·71 | 0·49 | 0·31, 0·78 | 58·23 | <0·001 |
| Tin roof | 1·28 | 1·09, 1·52 | 0·57 | 0·44, 0·74 | ||
| Tin wall and roof | 1·11 | 0·93, 1·31 | 0·58 | 0·46, 0·75 | ||
| Brick wall/roof/floor | 1·15 | 0·96, 1·37 | 0·88 | 0·72, 1·07 | ||
| All brick | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | ||
| Water | ||||||
| Surface water | 1·07 | 0·84, 1·36 | 0·45 | 0·23, 0·90 | 9·22 | ns |
| Tube-well | 1·11 | 0·93, 1·33 | 0·82 | 0·66, 1·03 | ||
| Piped water | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | ||
| Toilet facilities | ||||||
| None | 1·43 | 1·27, 1·62 | 0·51 | 0·33, 0·79 | 57·32 | <0·001 |
| Insanitary toilet | 1·24 | 1·13, 1·36 | 0·76 | 0·63, 0·92 | ||
| Sanitary toilet | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | ||
| Household members | ||||||
| 1–4 | 0·95 | 0·85, 1·06 | 1·15 | 0·93, 1·43 | 25·36 | <0·001 |
| 5–8 | 1·12 | 1·02, 1·24 | 0·94 | 0·78, 1·13 | ||
| ≥9 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | ||
Ref., reference category.
*
In multinomial logistic regression analysis the baseline category is ‘normal’.