Table 2.
Association between breast-feeding duration and low consumption frequency of fruit and vegetables (<1 time/d) at 18–24 months of age among children who participated in the OMCHS (n 763)
| Fruit consumption <1 time/d | Vegetable consumption <1 time/d | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate | Multivariate* | Univariate | Multivariate* | |||||
| OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |
| Infant feeding practices | ||||||||
| Breast-feeding duration (months) | ||||||||
| <6 | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | Reference |
| 6–11 | 1·00 | 0·66, 1·50 | 1·11 | 0·71, 1·72 | 0·48 | 0·26, 0·90 | 0·52 | 0·27, 0·99 |
| 12–17 | 0·95 | 0·64, 1·41 | 1·11 | 0·72, 1·69 | 0·56 | 0·32, 0·99 | 0·62 | 0·34, 1·15 |
| ≥18 | 1·00 | 0·67, 1·50 | 1·17 | 0·75, 1·81 | 0·55 | 0·31, 1·00 | 0·64 | 0·33, 1·21 |
| Age at introduction to solid foods (months) | ||||||||
| <5 | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | Reference |
| 5–5·9 | 0·71 | 0·46, 1·09 | 0·75 | 0·48, 1·18 | 0·62 | 0·33, 1·14 | 0·64 | 0·33, 1·22 |
| ≥6 | 0·96 | 0·62, 1·48 | 1·06 | 0·67, 1·69 | 0·77 | 0·42, 1·41 | 0·78 | 0·41, 1·49 |
| Potential other factors | ||||||||
| Child factors | ||||||||
| Sex (boy=1, girl=0) | 1·17 | 0·88, 1·55 | 1·21 | 0·90, 1·65 | 0·80 | 0·52, 1·23 | 0·82 | 0·52, 1·30 |
| Age (months) | 1·20 | 1·05, 1·37 | 1·20 | 1·05, 1·39 | 1·08 | 0·89, 1·32 | 1·05 | 0·84, 1·30 |
| Birth weight (1 unit=1 kg increase) | 1·14 | 0·81, 1·60 | 1·09 | 0·75, 1·59 | 0·84 | 0·50, 1·41 | 0·89 | 0·54, 1·47 |
| Maternal factors | ||||||||
| Maternal age at baseline (age) | 0·93 | 0·90, 0·97 | 0·95 | 0·91, 0·99 | 0·99 | 0·93, 1·04 | 1·01 | 0·95, 1·07 |
| BMI at enrolment (kg/m2) | 1·02 | 0·97, 1·07 | 1·02 | 0·97, 1·08 | 1·06 | 0·99, 1·14 | 1·08 | 0·99, 1·16 |
| Education (years) | ||||||||
| <13 | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | Reference |
| 13–14 | 0·63 | 0·44, 0·89 | 0·64 | 0·44, 0·93 | 0·48 | 0·30, 0·78 | 0·51 | 0·31, 0·85 |
| ≥15 | 0·55 | 0·37, 0·80 | 0·65 | 0·43, 0·98 | 0·34 | 0·18, 0·61 | 0·41 | 0·21, 0·78 |
| Family income (Japanese yen/year) | ||||||||
| <4 000 000 | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | Reference |
| 4 000 000–5 999 999 | 0·77 | 0·54, 1·10 | 0·91 | 0·62, 1·33 | 0·68 | 0·41, 1·16 | 0·82 | 0·47, 1·45 |
| ≥6 000 000 | 0·46 | 0·31, 0·67 | 0·59 | 0·38, 0·90 | 0·83 | 0·49, 1·43 | 1·32 | 0·71, 2·46 |
| Smoking during pregnancy | ||||||||
| Never smoking | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | Reference |
| Stopped smoking | 3·03 | 1·55, 5·91 | 2·49 | 1·24, 5·02 | 1·70 | 0·79, 3·63 | 1·35 | 0·60, 3·03 |
| Smoked throughout pregnancy | 0·98 | 0·55, 1·76 | 0·68 | 0·37, 1·28 | 1·29 | 0·56, 2·97 | 0·80 | 0·32, 2·00 |
| Fruit consumption (1 unit=50 g/d increase) | 0·83 | 0·76, 0·91 | 0·85 | 0·78, 0·93 | – | – | ||
| Vegetable consumption (1 unit=50 g/d increase) | – | – | 0·65 | 0·55, 0·78 | 0·66 | 0·55, 0·79 | ||
OMCHS, Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study.
*
Adjusted for all other variables shown in the table.