Table 2.
Amount and proportion of sodium intake from self-cooking, ready-made foods and dining out, estimated from diet records with consideration to the effect of sex, age, BMI and sodium excretion, in 392 Japanese adults, 2013
| Diet record | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude Na | Energy-adjusted Na intake from each intake source group* (mg/4184 kJ per d) | 24 h urine | |||||||||||||||||
| Energy (kJ/d) | intake* (mg/d)Total | Total | Self-cooking (discretionary intake) | Ready-made (non-discretionary intake) | Dining out (non-discretionary intake) | Na excretion† (mg/d) | |||||||||||||
| Sex/variable | n | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | %‡ | Mean | sd | %‡ | Mean | sd | %‡ | Mean | sd | %‡ | Mean | sd |
| Men | |||||||||||||||||||
| All | 196 | 9870 | 2021 | 4366 | 1137 | 1867 | 374 | 100 | 979 | 488 | 52·3 | 323 | 288 | 17·2 | 565 | 405 | 30·6 | 4774 | 1627 |
| Age (years) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Low (range: 21–36) | 64 | 9662 | 2332 | 4170 | 1107 | 1840 | 400 | 100 | 849 | 552 | 46·2 | 330 | 353 | 17·8 | 661 | 481 | 36·0 | 4601 | 1638 |
| Middle (range: 37–52) | 64 | 9882 | 1671 | 4260 | 990 | 1807 | 324 | 100 | 940 | 421 | 51·7 | 285 | 253 | 15·4 | 582 | 349 | 32·9 | 4833 | 1401 |
| High (range: 53–69) | 68 | 10 054 | 2018 | 4650 | 1248 | 1949 | 384 | 100 | 1139 | 443 | 58·4 | 352 | 248 | 18·2 | 458 | 353 | 23·3 | 4884 | 1829 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Normal (<25) | 135 | 9891 | 1802 | 4317 | 948 | 1847 | 361 | 100 | 977 | 495 | 52·5 | 325 | 312 | 17·4 | 544 | 383 | 30·1 | 4516 | 1380 |
| Overweight (≥25) | 61 | 9823 | 2454 | 4472 | 1476 | 1913 | 402 | 100 | 984 | 476 | 51·7 | 317 | 228 | 16·6 | 611 | 449 | 31·7 | 5315 | 1955 |
| Na excretion† (mg/d) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Low (range:1536–3959) | 63 | 9710 | 1742 | 4120 | 884 | 1791 | 334 | 100 | 924 | 442 | 51·6 | 270 | 196 | 15·3 | 597 | 414 | 33·1 | 3204 | 578 |
| Medium (3973–5078) | 63 | 10 104 | 2112 | 4176 | 1037 | 1747 | 333 | 100 | 881 | 461 | 50·3 | 325 | 255 | 18·5 | 541 | 392 | 31·2 | 4505 | 344 |
| High (5103–11 076) | 63 | 9976 | 2023 | 4827 | 1294 | 2032 | 383 | 100 | 1129 | 521 | 55·4 | 323 | 291 | 15·7 | 581 | 419 | 28·9 | 6613 | 1247 |
| Women | |||||||||||||||||||
| All | 196 | 7902 | 1509 | 3635 | 1036 | 1935 | 455 | 100 | 1125 | 550 | 57·1 | 303 | 232 | 16·1 | 507 | 348 | 26·8 | 3938 | 1248 |
| Age (years) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Low (range: 20–36) | 66 | 7678 | 1482 | 3502 | 983 | 1926 | 491 | 100 | 982 | 536 | 50·4 | 325 | 270 | 17·0 | 620 | 358 | 32·6 | 3788 | 1186 |
| Middle (range: 37–53) | 66 | 7980 | 1446 | 3460 | 863 | 1821 | 370 | 100 | 1085 | 460 | 58·5 | 259 | 199 | 14·6 | 477 | 278 | 26·8 | 3818 | 1137 |
| High (range: 54–69) | 64 | 8052 | 1596 | 3952 | 1183 | 2061 | 471 | 100 | 1314 | 601 | 62·6 | 325 | 218 | 16·5 | 422 | 375 | 20·8 | 4222 | 1389 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Normal (<25) | 160 | 7840 | 1445 | 3582 | 979 | 1924 | 451 | 100 | 1113 | 521 | 57·2 | 298 | 234 | 15·7 | 513 | 353 | 27·1 | 3796 | 1114 |
| Overweight (≥25) | 36 | 8177 | 1765 | 3867 | 1247 | 1983 | 476 | 100 | 1177 | 668 | 57·0 | 322 | 228 | 17·4 | 483 | 328 | 25·6 | 4678 | 1623 |
| Na excretion† (mg/d) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Low (range: 1288–3275) | 62 | 7594 | 1279 | 3273 | 798 | 1811 | 354 | 100 | 1007 | 409 | 55·3 | 254 | 184 | 14·2 | 550 | 347 | 30·5 | 2727 | 426 |
| Medium (3279–4250) | 63 | 8135 | 1478 | 3674 | 912 | 1905 | 440 | 100 | 1116 | 559 | 57·4 | 323 | 246 | 17·7 | 465 | 341 | 25·0 | 3781 | 272 |
| High (4271–9655) | 62 | 8047 | 1525 | 3972 | 1092 | 2086 | 519 | 100 | 1236 | 618 | 58·4 | 340 | 257 | 16·7 | 510 | 354 | 24·9 | 5307 | 1035 |
*
Mean daily Na intake was estimated by the 4 d diet record. Both crude and energy-adjusted intakes by the density method are shown.
†
Na excretion was measured by 24 h urine collection in 376 participants (189 men and 187 women).
‡
The percentage indicates the proportion of Na intake from each intake source group in total Na intake.