Table 3.
Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients, and corresponding 95 % confidence intervals, calculated for carotenoids in plasma* and recorded food intakes in a web-based food recall (WebFR) among 4th graders (8–9 years) and 8th graders (12–14 years) in Norway (n 261), September–December 2013
| Plasma carotenoid (μm)* | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β-Carotene | α-Carotene | α-+β-Carotene | β-Cryptoxanthin | Lycopene | Lutein+zeaxanthin | Total carotenoids | ||||||||
| r | 95 % CI | r | 95 % CI | r | 95 % CI | r | 95 % CI | r | 95 % CI | r | 95 % CI | r | 95 % CI | |
| WebFR intake (g/d) | ||||||||||||||
| Vegetables | 0·23 | 0·11, 0·34 | 0·32 | 0·21, 0·42 | 0·27 | 0·15, 0·38 | 0·10 | −0·02, 0·22 | 0·16 | 0·04, 0·28 | 0·20 | 0·09, 0·32 | 0·28 | 0·16, 0·39 |
| Fruits | 0·07 | −0·05, 0·19 | 0·21 | 0·09, 0·32 | 0·12 | −0·01, 0·23 | 0·16 | 0·04, 0·28 | −0·04 | −0·16, 0·08 | 0·08 | −0·04, 0·20 | 0·08 | −0·04, 0·20 |
| Juice | 0·04 | −0·08, 0·16 | 0·07 | −0·05, 0·19 | 0·06 | −0·06, 0·18 | 0·16 | 0·04, 0·28 | 0·00 | −0·12, 0·12 | 0·06 | −0·06, 0·18 | 0·05 | −0·07, 0·17 |
| Sum VFJ | 0·15 | 0·03, 0·27 | 0·28 | 0·16, 0·39 | 0·20 | 0·08, 0·31 | 0·21 | 0·09, 0·32 | 0·02 | −0·10, 0·14 | 0·16 | 0·04, 0·28 | 0·17 | 0·05, 0·28 |
| β-Carotene RF† | 0·39 | 0·28, 0·49 | 0·48 | 0·38, 0·57 | 0·44 | 0·34, 0·53 | ||||||||
| α-Carotene RF‡ | 0·28 | 0·17, 0·39 | 0·43 | 0·33, 0·53 | 0·35 | 0·23, 0·45 | ||||||||
| β-Cryptoxanthin RF§ | 0·37 | 0·26, 0·47 | ||||||||||||
| Lycopene RF|| | 0·30 | 0·18, 0·40 | ||||||||||||
| Lutein+zeaxanthin RF¶ | 0·20 | 0·08, 0·31 | ||||||||||||
| Total carotenoid RF** | 0·25 | 0·13, 0·36 | 0·34 | 0·23, 0·44 | 0·29 | 0·17, 0·39 | 0·33 | 0·22, 0·43 | 0·10 | −0·02, 0·22 | 0·21 | 0·09, 0·32 | 0·31 | 0·20, 0·42 |
Sum VFJ, sum of vegetables, fruits and juice; RF, rich foods.
The dried blood spot method was used to collect samples of non-fasting whole blood. A fixed haematocrit value of 2 was used to convert whole-blood values to plasma values.
Foods included (presented in descending order from the most eaten): carrot, broccoli, pepper, lettuce, leek, spinach, apricot, cantaloupe melon, parsley, chilli.
Foods included: carrot.
Foods included (presented in descending order from the most eaten): orange juice, clementine, pepper, orange, corn (maize), mango, watermelon, popcorn, pineapple, peach, basil, chilli.
Foods included (presented in descending order from the most eaten): canned tomato, fresh tomato, ketchup, fresh cherry tomato, tomato puree, watermelon, boiled tomato, tomato soup powder.
Foods included (presented in descending order from the most eaten): broccoli, pepper, lettuce, corn (maize), cornflakes, corn meal, leek, popcorn, peas, corn flour, Brussels sprouts, spinach, basil, parsley.
Foods included: all foods included in the carotenoid-rich foods for the single carotenoids.