Table 2.
Factors associated with adherence to maternal iron–folic acid supplementation (unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios†) among women who had given birth within 2 years prior to the interview date; 2002–03, 2007 and 2012 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey
| Good | Unadjusted | Adjusted‡ | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | n | adherence (%) | cOR | 95 % CI | P | aOR | 95 % CI | P |
| Type of residence | ||||||||
| Rural | 9273 | 24·9 | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Urban | 7627 | 35·3 | 1·6 | 1·5, 1·8 | 0·00 | 1·0 | 0·9, 1·1 | 0·62 |
| Wealth index | ||||||||
| Poorest | 3263 | 17·0 | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Poorer | 3183 | 25·5 | 1·7 | 1·5, 1·9 | 0·00 | 1·3 | 1·1, 1·4 | 0·00 |
| Medium | 3285 | 29·7 | 2·1 | 1·8, 2·3 | 0·00 | 1·4 | 1·2, 1·6 | 0·00 |
| Richer | 3325 | 28·6 | 2·1 | 1·9, 2·4 | 0·00 | 1·3 | 1·1, 1·4 | 0·00 |
| Richest | 2901 | 37·7 | 3·5 | 3·1, 3·9 | 0·00 | 1·6 | 1·4, 1·9 | 0·00 |
| Women’s educational level | ||||||||
| 0–5 years of schooling | 1929 | 18·7 | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| 6–8 years of schooling | 4916 | 27·2 | 1·6 | 1·4, 1·9 | 0·00 | 1·2 | 0·9, 1·4 | 0·06 |
| 9–11 years of schooling | 3726 | 30·6 | 1·9 | 1·7, 2·2 | 0·00 | 1·1 | 0·9, 1·3 | 0·40 |
| ≥12 years of schooling | 5387 | 39·1 | 2·8 | 2·5, 3·2 | 0·00 | 1·1 | 0·9, 1·3 | 0·25 |
| Women’s exposure to three types of mass media | ||||||||
| Less exposed | 2554 | 21·1 | ref | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Frequently exposed to one type of media | 8711 | 30·9 | 1·7 | 1·5, 1·9 | 0·00 | 1·10 | 1·0, 1·2 | 0·15 |
| Frequently exposed to more than one type of media | 4694 | 36·5 | 2·2 | 1·9, 2·4 | 0·00 | 1·16 | 1·0, 1·3 | 0·01 |
| Perceived problems accessing health services | ||||||||
| Have at least one problem | 5345 | 24·9 | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Have no problems | 10 614 | 34·0 | 1·6 | 1·5, 1·7 | 0·00 | 1·3 | 1·2, 1·4 | 0·00 |
| Frequency of ANC visits | ||||||||
| Inadequate | 5159 | 17·1 | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Adequate | 10 799 | 37·6 | 2·9 | 2·7, 3·2 | 0·00 | 2·2 | 2·0, 2·4 | 0·00 |
| Women’s knowledge of pregnancy-related risks | ||||||||
| Has no knowledge | 5506 | 21·4 | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Has some knowledge | 6189 | 32·9 | 1·8 | 1·7, 2·0 | 0·00 | 1·5 | 1·4, 1·7 | 0·00 |
| Has good knowledge | 4262 | 40·5 | 2·5 | 2·3, 2·8 | 0·00 | 1·8 | 1·6, 2·0 | 0·00 |
| Family support during pregnancy | ||||||||
| Received no support | 1323 | 16·1 | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Received some support | 8881 | 27·1 | 2·0 | 1·7, 2·3 | 0·00 | 1·3 | 1·1, 1·6 | 0·00 |
| Received full support | 5754 | 40·4 | 3·7 | 3·2, 4·3 | 0·00 | 1·9 | 1·6, 2·3 | 0·00 |
cOR, crude odds ratio; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; ANC, antenatal care; ref., reference category.
†
Only included participants with no missing values for independent and dependent variables (n 15 958).
‡
Adjusted by year of survey, pregnancy order, child’s age and women’s age.