Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of the study participants by quartiles of energy intake‡: adults (n 4846) aged 60 years or above, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III, 1988–1994
| Quartile 1 (n 1211) | Quartile 2 (n 1212) | Quartile 3 (n 1212) | Quartile 4 (n 1211) | Total (n 4846) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean or n | sd or % | Mean or n | sd or % | Mean or n | sd or % | Mean or n | sd or % | Mean or n | sd or % | |
| Age (years), mean and sd*** | 73·09 | 8·06 | 72·71 | 8·07 | 72·32 | 7·64 | 70·89 | 7·85 | 72·26 | 8·02 |
| Sex, n and %*** | ||||||||||
| Male | 346 | 28·60 | 480 | 39·67 | 619 | 50·95 | 884 | 73·00 | 2329 | 48·06 |
| Race, n and %*** | ||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 593 | 49·01 | 692 | 57·19 | 760 | 62·55 | 765 | 63·17 | 2810 | 57·99 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 313 | 25·87 | 249 | 20·58 | 204 | 16·79 | 203 | 16·76 | 969 | 20·00 |
| Mexican-American | 271 | 22·40 | 238 | 19·67 | 211 | 17·37 | 206 | 17·01 | 926 | 19·11 |
| Others | 33 | 2·73 | 31 | 2·56 | 40 | 3·29 | 37 | 3·06 | 141 | 2·91 |
| Education, n and %*** | ||||||||||
| ≥12 years | 388 | 32·07 | 521 | 43·06 | 600 | 49·38 | 635 | 52·44 | 2144 | 44·24 |
| Smoker, n and %** | ||||||||||
| Yes | 215 | 17·77 | 193 | 15·95 | 201 | 16·54 | 260 | 21·47 | 869 | 17·93 |
| Hypertension§, n and %*** | ||||||||||
| Yes | 885 | 73·14 | 818 | 67·60 | 781 | 64·28 | 734 | 60·61 | 3218 | 66·41 |
| Type 2 diabetes||, n and*** | ||||||||||
| Yes | 297 | 24·55 | 235 | 19·42 | 201 | 16·54 | 152 | 12·55 | 885 | 18·26 |
| High C-reactive protein level¶, n and % | ||||||||||
| Yes | 36 | 2·98 | 23 | 1·90 | 28 | 2·30 | 20 | 1·65 | 107 | 2·21 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean and sd** | 27·44 | 5·40 | 27·15 | 5·33 | 26·89 | 4·95 | 26·76 | 4·78 | 27·06 | 5·13 |
| Physical activity times per week, mean and sd*** | 2·67 | 3·66 | 3·12 | 3·85 | 3·24 | 3·80 | 3·54 | 3·66 | 3·14 | 3·76 |
| Energy required (kJ/d), mean and sd*** | 7735·38 | 1967·15 | 8127·50 | 2017·48 | 8460·93 | 2063·05 | 9188·32 | 2142·96 | 8378·29 | 2116·43 |
| Energy required (kcal/d), mean and sd*** | 1848·80 | 470·16 | 1942·52 | 482·19 | 2022·21 | 493·08 | 2196·06 | 512·18 | 2002·46 | 505·84 |
| Mortality (all-cause), n and %*** | ||||||||||
| Yes | 796 | 65·79 | 754 | 62·31 | 743 | 61·15 | 661 | 54·58 | 2954 | 60·96 |
| Mortality (CVD), n and %*** | ||||||||||
| Yes | 427 | 35·29 | 410 | 33·88 | 392 | 32·26 | 303 | 25·02 | 1532 | 31·61 |
*,**,***Significantly different across quartiles at the 5 %, 1 % or 0·1 % level, respectively.
Energy intake: quartile 1, <4786·50 kJ/d (<1144·00 kcal/d); quartile 2, 4786·50–6464·28 kJ/d (1144·00–1545·00 kcal/d); quartile 3, 6464·28–8536·41 kJ/d (1545·00–2040·25 kcal/d); quartile 4, ≥8536·41 kJ/d (≥2040·25 kcal/d). In Total sample, mean (sd) energy intake: 6972·34 (3147.46) kJ/d (1666·43 (752·26) kcal/d).
Evidence of hypertension: blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg or self-reported doctor-diagnosed hypertension.
Evidence of type 2 diabetes: fasting plasma glucose >126 mg/dl, glycated Hb >6·5 % or self-reported doctor-diagnosed type 2 diabetes.
C-reactive protein >3·0 mg/l.