Table 3.
Energy intake, PANDiet scores and sub-scores and individual components according to YCF and CIF consumer groups* among young children (n 1152) aged 12–18 months, UK Diet and Nutrition Survey of Infants and Young Children (DNSIYC, 2011)
| YCF−/CIF− (n 313) | YCF−/CIF+ (n 418) | YCF+/CIF− (n 93) | YCF+/CIF+ (n 328) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | ANCOVA P value | |
| Energy intake (kJ/d) | 4140 | 47 | 4108 | 39 | 3933 | 80 | 3975 | 43 | 0·013 |
| Energy intake (kcal/d) | 984 | 11 | 976 | 9 | 935 | 19 | 944 | 10 | 0·013 |
| PANDiet score | 66·9a | 0·3 | 68·3b | 0·3 | 74·1c | 0·6 | 74·7c | 0·3 | <0·001 |
| Moderation sub-score | 51·8a | 0·6 | 52·9a | 0·5 | 56·0b | 1·0 | 56·9b | 0·5 | <0·001 |
| Total carbohydrates | 0·91a | 0·01 | 0·90a | 0·01 | 0·91a | 0·03 | 0·78b | 0·01 | <0·001 |
| Total fat | 0·73a | 0·02 | 0·81b | 0·01 | 0·80a,b | 0·03 | 0·89c | 0·02 | <0·001 |
| SFA | 0·09a | 0·01 | 0·06a | 0·01 | 0·17b | 0·02 | 0·21b | 0·01 | <0·001 |
| NMES | 0·78 | 0·02 | 0·77 | 0·02 | 0·82 | 0·03 | 0·75 | 0·02 | 0·300 |
| Na | 0·09a | 0·01 | 0·10b | 0·01 | 0·10b | 0·02 | 0·22c | 0·01 | <0·001 |
| Adequacy sub-score | 82·1a | 0·3 | 83·7b | 0·2 | 92·3c | 0·5 | 92·4c | 0·2 | <0·001 |
| Protein | 1·00 | 0·00 | 1·00 | 0·00 | 1·00 | 0·00 | 1·00 | 0·00 | 0·076 |
| Total carbohydrates | 0·77a | 0·01 | 0·85b | 0·01 | 0·91b,c | 0·03 | 0·96c | 0·01 | <0·001 |
| Total fat | 0·61a | 0·02 | 0·54a | 0·02 | 0·56a | 0·04 | 0·40b | 0·02 | <0·001 |
| PUFA | 0·38a | 0·02 | 0·26b | 0·01 | 0·73c | 0·03 | 0·65c | 0·02 | <0·001 |
| Vitamin A | 0·75a | 0·01 | 0·88b | 0·01 | 0·92b | 0·02 | 0·97c | 0·01 | <0·001 |
| Thiamin | 1·00a | 0·00 | 1·00b | 0·00 | 1·00b | 0·00 | 1·00b | 0·00 | <0·001 |
| Riboflavin | 0·96a | 0·01 | 0·99b | 0·00 | 0·98a,b | 0·01 | 0·99b | 0·01 | <0·001 |
| Niacin | 1·00a | 0·00 | 1·00a | 0·00 | 1·00b | 0·00 | 1·00a | 0·00 | <0·001 |
| Vitamin B6 | 0·98a | 0·00 | 0·99a | 0·00 | 0·97a,b | 0·01 | 0·96b | 0·00 | <0·001 |
| Folate | 0·99 | 0·00 | 0·99 | 0·00 | 0·99 | 0·00 | 1·00 | 0·00 | 0·058 |
| Vitamin B12 | 0·99 | 0·00 | 1·00 | 0·00 | 1·00 | 0·00 | 1·00 | 0·00 | 0·017 |
| Vitamin C | 0·87a | 0·01 | 0·92b | 0·01 | 0·99c | 0·01 | 1·00c | 0·01 | <0·001 |
| Vitamin D | 0·00a | 0·01 | 0·02b | 0·01 | 0·63c | 0·02 | 0·67c | 0·01 | <0·001 |
| Ca | 0·97a | 0·00 | 0·99b | 0·00 | 0·99a,b | 0·01 | 0·99b | 0·00 | <0·001 |
| Mg | 0·99a,b | 0·00 | 1·00b | 0·00 | 0·98a | 0·00 | 1·00b | 0·00 | 0·002 |
| Zn | 0·74a | 0·01 | 0·79b | 0·01 | 0·92c | 0·02 | 0·94c | 0·01 | <0·001 |
| P | 1·00 | 0·00 | 1·00 | 0·00 | 1·00 | 0·00 | 1·00 | 0·00 | 0·749 |
| K | 0·99a,b | 0·00 | 1·00b | 0·00 | 0·98a | 0·00 | 0·99a,b | 0·00 | <0·001 |
| Fe | 0·40a | 0·02 | 0·47b | 0·01 | 0·90c | 0·03 | 0·92c | 0·02 | <0·001 |
| Cu | 0·78a | 0·01 | 0·82a | 0·01 | 0·93b | 0·02 | 0·97b | 0·01 | <0·001 |
| Se | 0·94a | 0·01 | 0·93a | 0·01 | 0·98b | 0·01 | 0·96b | 0·01 | <0·001 |
| Iodine | 0·96a,b | 0·01 | 0·98c | 0·01 | 0·94a | 0·01 | 0·97b,c | 0·01 | <0·001 |
YCF, young child formula; CIF, commercial infant foods; NMES, non-milk extrinsic sugars.
YCF−/CIF−, no consumption of either YCF or CIF; YCF−/CIF+, no consumption of YCF but consumption of CIF; YCF+/CIF−, consumption of YCF but no consumption of CIF; YCF+/CIF+, consumption of YCF and CIF.
a,b,cMean values within a row with unlike superscript letters were significantly different as tested by pair-wise post hoc comparisons, when ANCOVA identified a significant effect with Bonferroni correction (P≤0·002).
Adjusted for age and energy intake. All the PANDiet components are expressed in absolute values ranging from 0 to 1, where 1 represents a 100 % probability that the intake is adequate according to a reference value. PANDiet score and the sub-scores are expressed in absolute values ranging from 0 to 100; the higher the score and sub-scores, the better the nutrient adequacy of the diet.