Table 2.
Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | Ref. | P for linear trend | |
α-Carotene* | ||||||||
Crude | 2·96 | 2·05, 4·28 | 2·14 | 1·38, 3·30 | 1·89 | 1·43, 2·52 | 1·00 | <0·001 |
Partially adjusted† | 3·04 | 2·09, 4·42 | 2·30 | 1·46, 3·62 | 2·04 | 1·49, 2·81 | 1·00 | <0·001 |
Fully adjusted‡ | 1·70 | 1·04, 2·79 | 1·64 | 0·98, 2·73 | 1·65 | 1·09, 2·49 | 1·00 | 0·107 |
β-Carotene* | ||||||||
Crude | 3·47 | 2·38, 5·07 | 2·21 | 1·36, 3·57 | 1·52 | 1·08, 2·13 | 1·00 | <0·001 |
Partially adjusted | 3·50 | 2·32, 5·26 | 2·40 | 1·46, 3·94 | 1·50 | 1·06, 2·12 | 1·00 | <0·001 |
Fully adjusted | 2·94 | 1·74, 4·94 | 2·05 | 1·09, 3·83 | 1·37 | 0·88, 2·11 | 1·00 | 0·001 |
β-Cryptoxanthin* | ||||||||
Crude | 1·85 | 1·20, 2·86 | 1·12 | 0·77, 1·63 | 0·99 | 0·68, 1·43 | 1·00 | 0·032 |
Partially adjusted | 1·99 | 1·26, 3·15 | 1·26 | 0·87, 1·81 | 1·09 | 0·78, 1·52 | 1·00 | 0·043 |
Fully adjusted | 1·10 | 0·60, 2·00 | 0·86 | 0·52, 1·41 | 0·86 | 0·58, 1·26 | 1·00 | 0·702 |
Lutein/zeaxanthin* | ||||||||
Crude | 1·21 | 0·72, 2·04 | 1·02 | 0·68, 1·54 | 0·86 | 0·57, 1·29 | 1·00 | 0·391 |
Partially adjusted | 1·34 | 0·75, 2·38 | 1·09 | 0·71, 1·67 | 0·87 | 0·55, 1·35 | 1·00 | 0·318 |
Fully adjusted | 0·76 | 0·39, 1·47 | 0·78 | 0·49, 1·24 | 0·77 | 0·51, 1·16 | 1·00 | 0·630 |
Lycopene* | ||||||||
Crude | 1·34 | 0·95, 1·89 | 1·17 | 0·80, 1·72 | 0·93 | 0·65, 1·34 | 1·00 | 0·238 |
Partially adjusted | 1·00 | 0·70, 1·44 | 1·06 | 0·73, 1·55 | 0·97 | 0·67, 1·38 | 1·00 | 0·959 |
Fully adjusted | 0·64 | 0·43, 0·96 | 0·79 | 0·51, 1·22 | 0·85 | 0·58, 1·24 | 1·00 | 0·200 |
Ref., referent category.
*μmol/l; to convert from μmol/l to μg/l units divide α-carotene, β-carotene and lycopene serum concentrations by 0·001863; β-cryptoxanthin serum concentrations by 0·001809; and lutein/zeaxanthin serum concentrations by 0·001758.
†Adjusted for age, education, race/ethnicity, serum cotinine, alcohol consumption and physical activity.
‡Adjusted for age, education, race/ethnicity, serum cotinine, alcohol consumption, physical activity and other carotenoids.