Table 2.

Logistic regression odds ratios with 95 % confidence intervals of high allostatic load by individual serum carotenoid quartiles in middle-aged (45–64 years) female participants, Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES III (1988–1994)

	Quartile 1		Quartile 2		Quartile 3		Quartile 4
	OR	95 % CI	OR	95 % CI	OR	95 % CI	Ref.	P for linear trend
α-Carotene*
Crude	2·96	2·05, 4·28	2·14	1·38, 3·30	1·89	1·43, 2·52	1·00	<0·001
Partially adjusted†	3·04	2·09, 4·42	2·30	1·46, 3·62	2·04	1·49, 2·81	1·00	<0·001
Fully adjusted‡	1·70	1·04, 2·79	1·64	0·98, 2·73	1·65	1·09, 2·49	1·00	0·107
β-Carotene*
Crude	3·47	2·38, 5·07	2·21	1·36, 3·57	1·52	1·08, 2·13	1·00	<0·001
Partially adjusted	3·50	2·32, 5·26	2·40	1·46, 3·94	1·50	1·06, 2·12	1·00	<0·001
Fully adjusted	2·94	1·74, 4·94	2·05	1·09, 3·83	1·37	0·88, 2·11	1·00	0·001
β-Cryptoxanthin*
Crude	1·85	1·20, 2·86	1·12	0·77, 1·63	0·99	0·68, 1·43	1·00	0·032
Partially adjusted	1·99	1·26, 3·15	1·26	0·87, 1·81	1·09	0·78, 1·52	1·00	0·043
Fully adjusted	1·10	0·60, 2·00	0·86	0·52, 1·41	0·86	0·58, 1·26	1·00	0·702
Lutein/zeaxanthin*
Crude	1·21	0·72, 2·04	1·02	0·68, 1·54	0·86	0·57, 1·29	1·00	0·391
Partially adjusted	1·34	0·75, 2·38	1·09	0·71, 1·67	0·87	0·55, 1·35	1·00	0·318
Fully adjusted	0·76	0·39, 1·47	0·78	0·49, 1·24	0·77	0·51, 1·16	1·00	0·630
Lycopene*
Crude	1·34	0·95, 1·89	1·17	0·80, 1·72	0·93	0·65, 1·34	1·00	0·238
Partially adjusted	1·00	0·70, 1·44	1·06	0·73, 1·55	0·97	0·67, 1·38	1·00	0·959
Fully adjusted	0·64	0·43, 0·96	0·79	0·51, 1·22	0·85	0·58, 1·24	1·00	0·200

Ref., referent category.

*μmol/l; to convert from μmol/l to μg/l units divide α-carotene, β-carotene and lycopene serum concentrations by 0·001863; β-cryptoxanthin serum concentrations by 0·001809; and lutein/zeaxanthin serum concentrations by 0·001758.

†Adjusted for age, education, race/ethnicity, serum cotinine, alcohol consumption and physical activity.

‡Adjusted for age, education, race/ethnicity, serum cotinine, alcohol consumption, physical activity and other carotenoids.