Table 2.
Child, maternal and household-level characteristics of the sample by elevation zone and IYCF practices by child age range, northern region of Potosí department, Bolivian Andes, March 2009†
| Elevation zone‡ | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low | Mid | High | ||||||||||
| Sample characteristics | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | ||||||
| Child characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Age (months) | 16 | 5·7 | 15 | 5·5 | 14 | 6·4 | ||||||
| Sex (% male) | 53 | 53 | 47 | |||||||||
| LAZ | −2·2 | 1·3 | −2·0 | 1·1 | −2·0 | 1·2 | ||||||
| Stunted (%) | 49 | 51 | 52 | |||||||||
| WAZ | −1·2 | 1·1 | −1·1 | 0·9 | −1·0 | 1·0 | ||||||
| Underweight (%) | 18 | 12 | 14 | |||||||||
| Diarrhoea symptoms in previous two weeks (%) | 38 | 42 | 41 | |||||||||
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Age (years) | 31 | 7·7 | 30 | 8·3 | 30 | 7·1 | ||||||
| Height (cm) | 150 | 4·7 | 150 | 5·0 | 149 | 5·6 | ||||||
| Parity* | 5·6 | 2·7 | 4·4 | 2·5 | 4·2 | 2·5 | ||||||
| Education (% not completing primary school) | 96 | 93 | 87 | |||||||||
| Antenatal care attendance (% never attended during most recent pregnancy) | 50 | 39 | 40 | |||||||||
| ICFI score | 6·9 | 1·9 | 7·1 | 1·9 | 7·4 | 1·8 | ||||||
| Household characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Access to electricity (% with access)* | 12 | 34 | 25 | |||||||||
| Number of children in household | 4·2 | 2·1 | 3·5 | 2·0 | 3·1 | 1·8 | ||||||
| Cultivated land area (ha)* | 0·88 | 1·20 | 0·66 | 0·52 | 0·58 | 0·58 | ||||||
| Crop diversity of household farm* | 6·2 | 2·2 | 6·9 | 1·8 | 5·8 | 2·0 | ||||||
| Distance to nearest health facility (hours by foot)* | 2·0 | 1·1 | 1·9 | 1·1 | 2·4 | 1·3 | ||||||
| Number of sheep and goats owned | 29 | 20 | 29 | 13 | 26 | 20 | ||||||
| 6–11 months | 12–23 months | |||||||||||
| IYCF practices | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||||||||
| Child received breast milk (24 h) (%) | 98 | 76 | ||||||||||
| Duration of exclusive breast-feeding (months) | 3·2 | 1·9 | 3·4 | 1·7 | ||||||||
| Child fed exclusively breast milk to 6 months of age (%) | 21 | 18 | ||||||||||
| Child was fed using a bottle (24 h) (%) | 30 | 21 | ||||||||||
| Number of food groups consumed (24 h) | 2·4 | 1·4 | 3·0 | 1·2 | ||||||||
| Number of food groups consumed (7 d) | 2·9 | 1·6 | 4·0 | 1·4 | ||||||||
| Child was fed semi-solid or solid foods (24 h) | 64 | 70 | ||||||||||
| Number of meals and snacks fed (24 h) | 2·1 | 0·8 | 2·5 | 1·0 | ||||||||
| Child was assisted during eating (24 h) (%) | 77 | 45 | ||||||||||
| Energy intake from complementary food (kJ) | 1500 | 590 | 2900 | 1300 | ||||||||
| ICFI score | 8·3 | 1·5 | 6·4 | 1·7 | ||||||||
IYCF, infant and young child feeding; LAZ, length-for-age Z-score; WAZ, weight-for-age Z-score; ICFI, infant and child feeding index.
Data are presented as means and standard deviations or as proportions.
*
Differences across elevation zones significant at P < 0·05.
†
n 251 for the entire sample; n 95 children aged 6–11 months; n 156 children aged 12–23 months.
‡
Elevation (in metres above sea level): low = 2700–3300, n 84; mid = 3300–3800, n 84; high = 3800–4200, n 83.