Table 4.
Odds of pre-diabetes states, β-cell dysfunction and hyperinsulinaemia across tertile categories of dietary patterns among Iranian men and women, Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, 2006–2011
| Dietary pattern | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Western pattern | Traditional pattern | Healthy pattern | |||||||||||||
| T1 | T2 | T3 | T1 | T2 | T3 | T1 | T2 | T3 | |||||||
| Ref. | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | Ref. | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | Ref. | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |
| IFG | |||||||||||||||
| Model 1 | 1·00 | 0·85 | 0·53, 1·37 | 0·91 | 0·56, 1·47 | 1·00 | 1·09 | 0·67, 1·77 | 1·11 | 0·69, 1·80 | 1·00 | 0·95 | 0·59, 1·52 | 0·84 | 0·56, 1·37 |
| Model 2 | 1·00 | 0·89 | 0·54, 1·45 | 0·92 | 0·56, 1·52 | 1·00 | 1·10 | 0·67, 1·82 | 1·19 | 0·73, 1·94 | 1·00 | 0·92 | 0·57, 1·48 | 0·80 | 0·49, 1·32 |
| Model 3 | 1·00 | 0·88 | 0·53, 1·46 | 0·91 | 0·53, 1·56 | 1·00 | 1·16 | 0·68, 1·95 | 1·35 | 0·73, 2·49 | 1·00 | 0·91 | 0·55, 1·51 | 0·77 | 0·43, 1·38 |
| IGT | |||||||||||||||
| Model 1 | 1·00 | 2·42 | 0·99, 5·91 | 3·45 | 1·45, 8·21 | 1·00 | 1·13 | 0·54, 2·37 | 1·75 | 0·87, 3·52 | 1·00 | 1·23 | 0·59, 2·52 | 1·34 | 0·62, 2·90 |
| Model 2 | 1·00 | 2·36 | 0·96, 5·79 | 3·38 | 1·41, 8·13 | 1·00 | 1·20 | 0·56, 2·56 | 1·77 | 0·86, 3·64 | 1·00 | 1·13 | 0·54, 2·37 | 1·29 | 0·59, 2·83 |
| Model 3 | 1·00 | 1·67 | 0·64, 4·37 | 3·09 | 1·28, 7·50 | 1·00 | 1·17 | 0·54, 2·51 | 1·78 | 0·85, 3·70 | 1·00 | 0·87 | 0·40, 1·83 | 0·69 | 0·27, 1·77 |
| IFG/IGT | |||||||||||||||
| Model 1 | 1·00 | 1·13 | 0·71, 1·81 | 1·27 | 0·80, 2·04 | 1·00 | 1·02 | 0·65, 1·60 | 0·97 | 0·62, 1·53 | 1·00 | 1·02 | 0·65, 1·59 | 0·85 | 0·53, 1·35 |
| Model 2 | 1·00 | 1·14 | 0·70, 1·84 | 1·33 | 0·84, 2·13 | 1·00 | 0·98 | 0·62, 1·56 | 1·00 | 0·62, 1·59 | 1·00 | 0·97 | 0·61, 1·53 | 0·82 | 0·51, 1·31 |
| Model 3 | 1·00 | 1·13 | 0·70, 1·85 | 1·31 | 0·78, 2·18 | 1·00 | 1·02 | 0·63, 1·65 | 1·09 | 0·62, 1·93 | 1·00 | 0·87 | 0·54, 1·42 | 0·67 | 0·38, 1·18 |
| β-Cell dysfunction | |||||||||||||||
| Model 1 | 1·00 | 0·56 | 0·36, 0·86 | 1·02 | 0·68, 1·53 | 1·00 | 1·14 | 0·76, 1·71 | 1·14 | 0·76, 1·70 | 1·00 | 1·07 | 0·71, 1·61 | 1·11 | 0·74, 1·67 |
| Model 2 | 1·00 | 0·57 | 0·37, 0·88 | 1·01 | 0·67, 1·52 | 1·00 | 1·13 | 0·75, 1·72 | 1·11 | 0·73, 1·68 | 1·00 | 1·05 | 0·69, 1·60 | 1·15 | 0·76, 1·74 |
| Model 3 | 1·00 | 0·60 | 0·38, 0·94 | 1·04 | 0·65, 1·64 | 1·00 | 1·04 | 0·68, 1·61 | 0·92 | 0·55, 1·52 | 1·00 | 0·92 | 0·59, 1·45 | 0·85 | 0·49, 1·46 |
| Hyperinsulinaemia | |||||||||||||||
| Model 1 | 1·00 | 1·19 | 0·71, 2·00 | 1·35 | 0·79, 2·28 | 1·00 | 0·77 | 0·46, 1·28 | 1·04 | 0·64, 1·70 | 1·00 | 0·64 | 0·39, 1·06 | 0·58 | 0·35, 1·00 |
| Model 2 | 1·00 | 1·20 | 0·71, 2·03 | 1·36 | 0·80, 2·31 | 1·00 | 0·74 | 0·44, 1·24 | 1·00 | 0·61, 1·65 | 1·00 | 0·65 | 0·39, 1·08 | 0·56 | 0·34, 1·02 |
| Model 3 | 1·00 | 1·10 | 0·63, 1·91 | 1·28 | 0·71, 2·30 | 1·00 | 0·77 | 0·44, 1·32 | 1·08 | 0·88, 2·02 | 1·00 | 0·63 | 0·37, 1·07 | 0·53 | 0·28, 0·94 |
Ref., reference category; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; MET, metabolic equivalent of task.
Logistic regression models were used. Model 1 adjusted for age (years) and sex (men/women). Model 2 made additional adjustment for BMI (kg/m2), physical activity (MET×h/week) and smoking (yes/no). Model 3 made additional adjustment for total energy intake (kcal/d) and dietary intakes of total fat (% of energy), carbohydrates (% of energy) and protein (% of energy).