Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants according to snacking between main meals. The SUN Project (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra; University of Navarra Follow-up), Navarra, Spain, 1999–2013
| Snacking between main meals | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n 4480) | Yes (n 2731) | ||||
| Mean or % | sd | Mean or % | sd | P value | |
| Age (years) | 36·2 | 9·8 | 32·7 | 9·1 | <0·001‡ |
| Sex (%) | <0·001§ | ||||
| Male | 37·9 | – | 26·8 | – | |
| Female | 62·1 | – | 73·2 | – | |
| Educational level (%) | <0·001§ | ||||
| Technical/non graduated | 32·3 | – | 41·3 | – | |
| Graduated | 50·2 | – | 47·5 | – | |
| Master/doctoral | 17·5 | – | 11·2 | – | |
| Marital status (%) | <0·001§ | ||||
| Single | 47·3 | – | 58·7 | – | |
| Married | 48·8 | – | 38·7 | – | |
| Other* | 3·9 | – | 2·6 | – | |
| Mediterranean diet adherence score (%) | <0·001§ | ||||
| 0–2 points | 13·9 | – | 17·1 | – | |
| 3–5 points | 59·2 | – | 60·1 | – | |
| 6–9 points | 26·9 | – | 22·8 | – | |
| Total energy intake (kJ/d) | 9912 | 2427 | 10 360 | 2452 | <0·001‡ |
| Total energy intake (kcal/d) | 2369 | 580 | 2476 | 586 | <0·001‡ |
| Fruits consumption (units/d) | 2·3 | 1·9 | 2·2 | 1·8 | 0·002‡ |
| Vegetable consumption (units/d) | 3·0 | 1·5 | 2·9 | 1·4 | 0·107‡ |
| Sweets consumption (units/d)† | 1·0 | 0·9 | 1·2 | 0·9 | <0·001‡ |
| Eating away-from-home meals | 0·585§ | ||||
| Never to 1–3 times/month | 53·5 | – | 53·6 | – | |
| 1 time/week | 22·0 | – | 21·0 | – | |
| ≥2 times/week | 24·5 | – | 25·4 | – | |
| Alcohol consumption (g/d) | 6·1 | 8·5 | 5·5 | 8·0 | 0·004‡ |
| Current smokers (%) | 23·1 | – | 24·7 | – | 0·020§ |
| Leisure-time physical activity (MET h/week) | 21·8 | 22·6 | 20·0 | 23·1 | 0·002‡ |
| Television watching (h/d) | 1·6 | 1·3 | 1·8 | 1·4 | <0·001‡ |
| Weight gain at least 1 kg in the 5 years before (%) | 47·6 | – | 56·4 | – | <0·001§ |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22·6 | 2·7 | 22·7 | 2·8 | 0·910‡ |
MET, metabolic equivalents of task.
*
Other=widowed, divorced, cohabiting.
†
Sweets consumption=cookies, biscuits, cupcakes, doughnuts, pastries, cakes, chocolates, candies, smashers.
‡
P value from Student’s t test.
§
P value from Pearson’s χ 2 test.