Table 2.
Incidence of metabolic syndrome and its components according to snacking between main meals. The SUN Project (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra; University of Navarra Follow-up), Navarra, Spain, 1999–2013
| Snacking between main meals | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n 4480) | Yes (n 2371) | ||||
| RR | 95 % CI | RR | 95 % CI | P value | |
| Metabolic syndrome | |||||
| Crude rate (n; per 1000 person-years) | 230; 3·2 | 116; 2·8 | |||
| Model 1: age- and sex-adjusted | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·46 | 1·19, 1·79 | <0·001 |
| Model 2: multivariable-adjusted* | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·44 | 1·18, 1·77 | <0·001 |
| Model 3: multivariable-adjusted† | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·30 | 1·06, 1·60 | 0·012 |
| Model 4: multivariable-adjusted‡ | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·27 | 1·03, 1·57 | 0·023 |
| Components§ | |||||
| WC, crude rate (n; per 1000 person-years) | 2096; 54·3 | 1177; 58·3 | |||
| Model 2: multivariable-adjusted‡ | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·02 | 0·95, 1·10 | 0·614 |
| TAG, crude rate (n; per1000 person-years) | 297; 4·4 | 130; 3·6 | |||
| Model 2: multivariable-adjusted‡ | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | 0·83, 1·19 | 0·981 |
| HDL-cholesterol, crude rate (n; per 1000 person-years) | 270; 2·2 | 133; 1·6 | |||
| Model 2: multivariable-adjusted‡ | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·01 | 0·89, 1·14 | 0·882 |
| Fasting glucose, crude rate (n; per 1000 person-years) | 925; 20·9 | 420; 19·0 | |||
| Model 2: multivariable-adjusted‡ | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·04 | 0·92, 1·17 | 0·503 |
| Blood pressure, crude rate (n; per 1000 person-years) | 473; 8·7 | 218; 8·2 | |||
| Model 2: multivariable-adjusted‡ | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·08 | 0·91, 1·27 | 0·374 |
RR, relative risk; WC, waist circumference; Ref., reference category.
Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, educational level, marital status, Mediterranean diet adherence, eating away-from-home meals, smoking, physical activity and television watching.
Model 3: model 2, additionally adjusted for changes at least 1 kg in weight over the last 5 years prior to the study and baseline BMI.
Model 4: model 3, additionally adjusted for total energy intake.
WC, ≥80 cm (women) or ≥94 cm (men); TAG, ≥150 mg/dl; HDL-cholesterol, <50 mg/dl (women) or <40 mg/dl (men); fasting glucose, ≥100 mg/dl; blood pressure, ≥135/85 mmHg.