. 2015 Dec 9;19(17):3216–3231. doi: 10.1017/S1368980015003511

Table 2.

Overview of studies and effect sizes

Reference	Research design	Data set	Population	MPSFS	MPSInc	Difference
Allen and Gadson⁽ ¹² ⁾	DR	NFCS-LI	Eligible	0·241	0·119	0·122
Allen and Gadson⁽ ¹² ⁾	DR	NFCS-LI	Eligible	0·295	0·076	0·219
Arcia et al.⁽ ¹³ ⁾	DR	Other	Other	−0·130	0·120
Arcia et al.⁽ ¹³ ⁾	DR	Other	Other	−0·040	0·110
Arcia et al.⁽ ¹³ ⁾	PNP	Other	Other	0·040^*	0·037	0·003
Arcia et al.⁽ ¹³ ⁾	PNP	Other	Other	0·065^*	0·062	0·003
Basiotis et al.⁽ ¹⁴ ⁾	PNP	NFCS-LI	Eligible	0·212^*	0·090	0·122
Basiotis et al.⁽ ¹⁵ ⁾	PNP	NFCS-LI	Eligible	0·325^*	0·100	0·225
Basiotis et al.⁽ ¹⁵ ⁾	DR	NFCS-LI	Eligible	0·174	0·100	0·074
Basu et al.⁽ ¹⁰ ⁾	DR	NHANES	Part.	0·35
Beatty and Tuttle⁽ ¹⁶ ⁾	PNP	CEX-I	Other	0·310
Beatty and Tuttle⁽ ¹⁷ ⁾	PNP	CEX-I	Other	0·48
Benus et al.⁽ ¹⁸ ⁾	DR	PSID	All	0·860	0·050	0·810
Blanciforti⁽ ¹⁹ ⁾	PNP	NFCS-PR	Eligible	0·328^*	0·097	0·231
Blanciforti⁽ ¹⁹ ⁾	PNP	NFCS-PR	Eligible	0·173^*	0·107	0·066
Blanciforti⁽ ¹⁹ ⁾	DR	NFCS-PR	Part.	0·333	0·034	0·299
Blanciforti⁽ ¹⁹ ⁾	DR	NFCS-PR	Part.	0·415	0·031	0·384
Boonsaeng et al.⁽ ²⁰ ⁾	PNP	CEX-D	All	0·315
Breunig and Dasgupta⁽ ²¹ ⁾	DR	San Diego CO	Unconstrained Part.	0·298	0·057	0·241
Breunig and Dasgupta⁽ ²¹ ⁾	DR	San Diego CO	Unconstrained Part.	0·492	0·059	0·433
Breunig and Dasgupta⁽ ²¹ ⁾	DR	San Diego CO	Unconstrained Part.	0·042	0·049	−0·007
Breunig and Dasgupta⁽ ²² ⁾	CO: DR	San Diego CO	Unconstrained Part.	0·078	0·269	−0·191
Breunig and Dasgupta⁽ ²² ⁾	CO: DR	San Diego CO	Unconstrained Part.	0·393	0·235	0·158
Breunig and Dasgupta⁽ ²² ⁾	CO: DR	San Diego CO	Unconstrained Part.	0·416	0·221	0·195
Breunig and Dasgupta⁽ ²² ⁾	CO: DR	San Diego CO	Unconstrained Part.	0·034	0·406	−0·372
Bruich⁽ ²³ ⁾	PNP	Other	All	0·30
Cage⁽ ²⁴ ⁾	DR	CEX-I	Other	0·21^*	0·130	0·080
Cage⁽ ²⁴ ⁾	DR	CEX-I	Other	0·23^*	0·20	0·030
Chavas and Yeung⁽ ²⁵ ⁾	DR	CEX-D	Other	0·175	0·069	0·107
Chavas and Yeung⁽ ²⁵ ⁾	DR	CEX-D	Other	−0·035	0·0732
Chavas and Yeung⁽ ²⁵ ⁾	DR	CEX-D	Other	−0·420	0·113
Chavas and Yeung⁽ ²⁵ ⁾	DR	CEX-D	Other	0·561	0·029	0·531
Chavas and Yeung⁽ ²⁵ ⁾	DR	CEX-D	Other	0·370	0·126	0·245
Chavas and Yeung⁽ ²⁵ ⁾	DR	CEX-D	Other	1·351	0·042	1·309
Chavas and Yeung⁽ ²⁵ ⁾	DR	CEX-D	Other	0·756	0·086	0·669
Chavas and Yeung⁽ ²⁵ ⁾	DR	CEX-D	Other	0·966	0·082	0·884
Chen⁽ ²⁶ ⁾	DR	NFCS-LI	Eligible	0·197	0·111	0·086
Chen⁽ ²⁶ ⁾	DR	Other	Eligible	0·226	0·154	0·072
Clarkson⁽ ²⁷ ⁾	PNP	Other	Part.	0·729^*	0·330	0·399
Cohen and Young⁽ ²⁸ ⁾	CO: DR	WA CO	Part.	0·238	0·028	0·210
Cohen and Young⁽ ²⁸ ⁾	CO: DR	WA CO	Part.	0·297	0·196	0·101
Cohen and Young⁽ ²⁸ ⁾	CO	WA CO	Part.			0·359^*
Cohen and Young⁽ ²⁸ ⁾	CO	WA CO	Part.			0·357^*
Cohen and Young⁽ ²⁸ ⁾	CO	WA CO	Part.			0·338^*
Cohen and Young⁽ ²⁸ ⁾	CO	WA CO	Part.			0·201^*
Daponte et al.⁽ ²⁹ ⁾	DR	Other	Low income	0·280	0·020	0·260
de los Santos⁽ ³⁰ ⁾	DR	NFCS-LI	Eligible	0·298^*
de los Santos⁽ ³⁰ ⁾	PNP	NFCS-LI	Eligible	0·405^*
de los Santos⁽ ³⁰ ⁾	PNP	NFCS-LI	Eligible	0·246^*
Devaney and Fraker⁽ ³¹ ⁾	CO: DR	NFCS-PR	Eligible	0·213	0·226	−0·013
Devaney and Fraker⁽ ³¹ ⁾	CO: DR	NFCS-PR	Eligible	0·268	0·21	0·058
Devaney and Fraker⁽ ³² ⁾	DR	NFCS-LI	Eligible	0·424	0·084	0·34
Devaney and Fraker⁽ ³² ⁾	DR	NFCS-LI	Eligible	0·212	0·069	0·143
Davis et al.⁽ ³³ ⁾	DR	Other	Low income	0·758	0·226	0·532
Davis et al.⁽ ³³ ⁾	DR	Other	Low income	0·876	0·295	0·581
Davis and Werner⁽ ³⁴ ⁾	DR	ASSETS CO	Part.	0·064	0·012	0·052
Davis and Werner⁽ ³⁴ ⁾	DR	ASSETS CO	Part.	0·192	0·025	0·167
Davis and Werner⁽ ³⁴ ⁾	DR	ASSETS CO	Part.	0·074	0·005	0·069
Davis and Werner⁽ ³⁴ ⁾	CO	ASSETS CO	Part.			0·33^*
Davis and Werner⁽ ³⁴ ⁾	CO	ASSETS CO	Part.			0·32^*
Davis and Werner⁽ ³⁴ ⁾	CO	ASSETS CO	Part.			0·28^*
Davis and Werner⁽ ³⁴ ⁾	CO	ASSETS CO	Part.			0·26^*
Fraker et al.⁽ ³⁵ ⁾	CO	AL CO	Part.			−0·027^*
Fraker et al.⁽ ³⁵ ⁾	CO	AL CO	Part.			−0·034^*
Fraker et al.⁽ ³⁵ ⁾	CO	AL CO	Part.			0·004^*
Fraker et al.⁽ ³⁵ ⁾	CO	AL CO	Part.			0·013^*
Fraker et al.⁽ ³⁶ ⁾	CO: DR	AL CO	Part.	0·307	0·311	−0·004
Fraker et al.⁽ ³⁶ ⁾	CO: DR	AL CO	Part.	0·329	0·341	−0·012
Fraker et al.⁽ ³⁷ ⁾	DR	CSFII	WIC-eligible	0·050	0·110	−0·060
Fraker et al.⁽ ³⁷ ⁾	DR	CSFII	WIC-eligible	0·066	0·058	0·008
Fraker et al.⁽ ³⁷ ⁾	DR	CSFII	WIC-eligible	0·290	0·088	0·202
Fraker et al.⁽ ³⁷ ⁾	DR	CSFII	WIC-eligible	−0·160	0·073
Hoagland⁽ ³⁸ ⁾	PNP	CEX-D	All	0·570
Hollonbeck et al.⁽ ³⁹ ⁾	CO: DR	Elderly CO	Eligible	0·110	0·170	−0·060
Hoynes and Schanzenbach⁽ ⁴⁰ ⁾	PNP	PSID	Other	0·296	0·098	0·198
Hoynes and Schanzenbach⁽ ⁴⁰ ⁾	PNP	PSID	Other	0·163	0·087	0·076
Hu and Knaub⁽ ⁴¹ ⁾	DR	PSID	Eligible	1·287	0·130	1·157
Hymans and Shapiro⁽ ⁴² ⁾	DR	PSID	All	0·290^†	0·230	0·060
Johnson et al· ⁽ ⁴³ ⁾	DR	NFCS-LI	Eligible	0·170	0·060	0·110
Kisker and Devaney⁽ ⁴⁴ ⁾	PNP	NFCS-LI	Eligible	0·112^*
Knaub⁽ ⁴⁵ ⁾	DR	PSID	Part.	0·574	0·073	0·502
Knaub⁽ ⁴⁵ ⁾	DR	PSID	Part.	0·206	0·049	0·157
Knaub⁽ ⁴⁵ ⁾	DR	PSID	Part.	0·452	0·078	0·375
Knaub⁽ ⁴⁵ ⁾	DR	PSID	Part.	0·325	0·073	0·253
Kramer-LeBlanc et al.⁽ ⁴⁶ ⁾	DR	CSFII	Part.	0·349	0·066	0·283
Kramer-LeBlanc et al.⁽ ⁴⁶ ⁾	DR	CSFII	Part.	0·345	0·079	0·266
Lane⁽ ⁴⁷ ⁾	PNP	Other	Eligible	0·375
Levedahl⁽ ⁴⁸ ⁾	DR	Other	Part.	0·521	0·01	0·511
Levedahl⁽ ⁴⁸ ⁾	DR	Other	Part.	0·461	−0·003
Levedahl⁽ ⁴⁹ ⁾	DR	NSFC-LI	Unconstrained Part.	0·414	0·100	0·314
Levedahl⁽ ⁴⁹ ⁾	DR	NSFC-LI	Unconstrained Part.	0·316	0·114	0·202
Levedahl⁽ ⁴⁹ ⁾	DR	NSFC-LI	Unconstrained Part.	0·475	0·078	0·397
Levedahl⁽ ⁴⁹ ⁾	DR	NSFC-LI	Unconstrained Part.	0·816	0·230	0·586
Levedahl⁽ ⁴⁹ ⁾	DR	NSFC-LI	Unconstrained Part.	0·440	0·118	0·322
Levedahl⁽ ⁴⁹ ⁾	DR	NSFC-LI	Unconstrained Part.	0·288	0·094	0·194
Levedahl⁽ ⁴⁹ ⁾	DR	NSFC-LI	Unconstrained Part.	0·500	0·099	0·401
Levedahl⁽ ⁴⁹ ⁾	DR	NSFC-LI	Unconstrained Part.	0·688	0·189	0·499
Levedahl⁽ ⁵⁰ ⁾	DR	San Diego CO	Unconstrained Part.	0·263	0·066	0·197
Lin et al.⁽ ⁵¹ ⁾	DR	Other	Part.	0·203	0·037^*	0·166
Long⁽ ⁵² ⁾	DR	Other	Other	−0·125	0·037
Moffit⁽ ⁵³ ⁾	CO: DR	NSFC-PR	Eligible	0·161	0·208	−0·047
Moffit⁽ ⁵³ ⁾	CO: DR	NSFC-PR	Eligible	0·114	0·150	−0·036
Morgan⁽ ⁵⁴ ⁾	DR	PSID	All	−0·051	0·036
Neenan and Davis⁽ ⁵⁵ ⁾	DR	Other	Part.	0·450	0·060	0·390
Ohls et al.⁽ ⁵⁶ ⁾	CO: DR	San Diego CO	Part.	0·301	0·192	0·109
Ohls et al.⁽ ⁵⁶ ⁾	CO: DR	San Diego CO	Part.	0·277	0·108	0·169
Ohls et al.⁽ ⁵⁶ ⁾	CO	San Diego CO	Part.	0·222^*
Ohls et al.⁽ ⁵⁶ ⁾	CO	San Diego CO	Part.	0·190^*
Ohls et al.⁽ ⁵⁶ ⁾	CO	San Diego CO	Part.	0·205^*
Ohls et al.⁽ ⁵⁶ ⁾	CO	San Diego CO	Part.	0·191^*
Price⁽ ⁵⁷ ⁾	PNP	CEX-D	All	0·418	0·057^*	0·361
Price⁽ ⁵⁷ ⁾	PNP	CEX-D	Part.	0·457	0·057^*	0·400
Price⁽ ⁵⁷ ⁾	DR	CEX-D	Part.	0·453^*	0·057^*	0·396
Ranney and Cushman⁽ ⁵⁸ ⁾	DR	Other	Part.	0·597^*	0·104	0·493
Reese et al.⁽ ⁵⁹ ⁾	PNP	Other	All	0·420
Reese et al.⁽ ⁵⁹ ⁾	PNP	Other	All	0·350
Reese et al.⁽ ⁵⁹ ⁾	PNP	Other	All	0·810
Rush et al.⁽ ⁶⁰ ⁾	DR	Other	WIC-eligible	−0·040	−0·003
Rush et al.⁽ ⁶⁰ ⁾	DR	Other	WIC-eligible	0·180	0·279	−0·099
Rush et al.⁽ ⁶⁰ ⁾	DR	Other	WIC-eligible	−0·120	0·004
Rush et al.⁽ ⁶⁰ ⁾	DR	Other	WIC-eligible	0·190	0·171	0·019
Salathe⁽ ⁶¹ ⁾	PNP	CEX-D	Eligible	0·3625	0·061	0·302
Salathe⁽ ⁶¹ ⁾	PNP	CEX-D	Eligible	0·220	0·083	0·137
Salathe⁽ ⁶² ⁾	PNP	CEX-D	Eligible	0·233	0·0614	0·172
Senauer and Young⁽ ⁶³ ⁾	DR	PSID	Part.	0·264	0·073	0·191
Senauer and Young⁽ ⁶³ ⁾	DR	PSID	Part.	0·327	0·050	0·277
Smallwood and Blaylock⁽ ⁶⁴ ⁾	DR	NFCS-LI	Eligible	0·233	0·099	0·134
West⁽ ⁶⁵ ⁾	DR	CEX-D	All	0·470	0·098^*	0·372
West⁽ ⁶⁵ ⁾	DR	CEX-D	Part.	0·169^*	−0·030^*
West⁽ ⁶⁵ ⁾	DR	CEX-D	Eligible	0·550	0·107^*	0·443
West and Price⁽ ⁶⁶ ⁾	DR	Other	Other	0·297	0·050	0·247
West and Price⁽ ⁶⁶ ⁾	DR	Other	Other	0·432	0·066^*	0·366
West and Price⁽ ⁶⁶ ⁾	DR	Other	Other	0·610	0·107^*	0·503
West and Price⁽ ⁶⁶ ⁾	DR	Other	Other	0·149	−0·030^*
West et al.⁽ ⁶⁷ ⁾	PNP	Other	Eligible	0·306	0·134^*	0·173
Whitmore⁽ ⁶⁸ ⁾	CO	San Diego CO	Unconstrained Part.			0·133^*
Whitmore⁽ ⁶⁸ ⁾	CO	San Diego CO	Constrained Part.			0·552^*
Whitmore⁽ ⁶⁸ ⁾	CO	AL CO	Unconstrained Part.			−0·127^*
Whitmore⁽ ⁶⁸ ⁾	CO	AL CO	Constrained Part.			0·244^*
Wilde and Ranney⁽ ⁶⁹ ⁾	CO: DR	San Diego CO	Part.	0·221^*	0·099^*	0·123
Wilde and Ranney⁽ ⁶⁹ ⁾	CO: DR	AL CO	Part.	0·356^*	0·424^*	−0·068
Wilde and Ranney⁽ ⁶⁹ ⁾	CO: DR	San Diego CO	Part.	0·276^*	0·351^*	−0·075
Wilde and Ranney⁽ ⁶⁹ ⁾	CO: DR	AL CO	Part.	0·219^*	0·098^*	0·121

MPSFS, marginal propensity to spend on food out of food stamps; MPSInc, marginal propensity to spend on food out of normal income; DR, non-cashout dose–response; PNP, participant/non-participant; CO, cashout; CO: DR, cashout dose–response; NFCS-LI, Nationwide Food Consumption Survey – Low Income; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; CEX-I, Consumer Expenditure Survey – Interview; PSID, Panel Survey of Income Dynamics; NFCS-PR, Nationwide Food Consumption Survey – Puerto Rico; CEX-D, Consumer Expenditure Survey – Diary; San Diego CO, San Diego Cashout Demonstration; WA CO, Washington Family Independence Program Evaluation (cashout); ASSETS CO, Alabama ASSETS Evaluation (cashout); AL CO, Alabama Cashout Demonstration; CSFII, Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals; Elderly CO, Elderly/SSI Cashout Demonstration; Eligible, households/individuals eligible for SNAP; Part., SNAP participants/participant households; All, all households/individuals in data set; WIC, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children; SNAP, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.

Note the difference was only calculated when both MPSFS and MPSInc were positive.

From authors’ calculations.

^†

From Fraker⁽ ⁸ ⁾; MPSFS calculation unclear or unavailable.