Table 2.

Estimated effect of consumption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)-rich meat on birth weight adjusted for sociodemographic, reproductive and lifestyle factors among pregnant women (n 778) at 12–28 weeks of gestation enrolled in the Mothers and Children’s Environmental Health (MOCEH) study, Republic of Korea, 2006–2011

	Model 1†		Model 2‡
Characteristic	β coefficient	95 % CI	β coefficient	95 % CI
PAH-rich meat consumption	−17·82	−34·63, −1·02**	−17·48	−34·32, −0·64**
Maternal weight gain in pregnancy	21·43	14·08, 28·79****	21·69	14·24, 29·15****
Gestational age	131·65	107·45, 155·83****	131·11	106·82, 155·39****
Maternal height	10·11	3·46, 16·77***	9·94	3·26, 16·62***
Maternal age	3·35	−5·09, 11·79	3·25	−5·19, 11·69
Maternal education
Low	Reference		Reference
Middle	−73·59	−153·07, 5·89*	−80·13	−161·86, 1·60*
High	−11·78	−83·34, 59·79	−19·72	−93·01, 53·58
Parity (parous v. nulliparous)	139·13	77·44, 200·81****	138·08	76·01, 200·14****
Sex of infant (girl v. boy)	−119·69	−175·74, −63·65****	−121·92	−178·14, −65·70****
Fish consumption			6·56	−97·04, 110·17
Vegetables§			20·07	−41·08, 81·21
Fruits§			46·20	−12·52, 104·92
Fe intake§			−16·01	−77·65, 45·62
R 2	0·32		0·33
n	607		607

Statistically significant: *P≤0·1, **P≤0·05, ***P≤0·01, ****P≤0·001.

^†Adjusted for sex of the infant, parity, anthropometry of mother and gestational age.

^‡Additionally adjusted for intakes of vegetables, fruits, Fe and fish. After further including biomarkers of PAH (1-hyroxypyrene and 2-naphthol; dichotomized by the median value of the distribution or natural log-transformed in separate models), the β and P values for dietary PAH were similar and significant. Moreover, the biomarkers were not significant predictors and were therefore not included in the models presented here.

^§Dichotomized by the median value of the distribution.