Table 3.
Estimated effect of consumption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)-rich meat on length at birth adjusted for sociodemographic, reproductive and lifestyle factors among pregnant women (n 778) at 12–28 weeks of gestation enrolled in the Mothers and Children’s Environmental Health (MOCEH) study, Republic of Korea, 2006–2011
| Model 1† | Model 2‡ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | β coefficient | 95 % CI | β coefficient | 95 % CI |
| PAH-rich meat consumption | −0·07 | −0·17, 0·03 | −0·07 | −0·17, 0·03 |
| Maternal weight gain in pregnancy | 0·06 | 0·02, 0·10*** | 0·06 | 0·02, 0·11*** |
| Gestational age | 0·72 | 0·54, 0·89**** | 0·71 | 0·53, 0·89**** |
| Maternal height | 0·06 | 0·02, 0·10*** | 0·05 | 0·02, 0·09*** |
| Maternal age | 0·01 | −0·05, 0·06 | 0·004 | −0·05, 0·06 |
| Maternal education | ||||
| Low | Reference | Reference | ||
| Middle | −0·23 | −0·72, 0·26 | −0·24 | −0·74, 0·26 |
| High | 0·22 | −0·18, 0·63 | 0·13 | −0·27, 0·54 |
| Parity (parous v. nulliparous) | 0·51 | 0·12, 0·89*** | 0·53 | 0·15, 0·91*** |
| Sex of infant (girl v. boy) | −0·71 | −1·06, −0·37**** | −0·73 | −1·07, −0·39**** |
| Fish consumption | 0·32 | −0·31, 0·95 | ||
| Vegetables§ | 0·26 | −0·10, 0·63 | ||
| Fruits§ | 0·30 | −0·06, 0·65* | ||
| Fe intake§ | 0·06 | −0·32, 0·44 | ||
| R 2 | 0·24 | 0·25 | ||
| n | 607 | 607 | ||
Statistically significant: *P≤0·1, **P≤0·05, ***P≤0·01, ****P≤0·001.
Adjusted for sex of the infant, parity, anthropometry of mother and gestational age.
Additionally adjusted for intakes of vegetables, fruits, Fe and fish. After further including biomarkers of PAH (1-hyroxypyrene and 2-naphthol; dichotomized by the median value of the distribution or natural log-transformed in separate models), the β and P values for dietary PAH were not substantially changed and were therefore not included in the models presented here.
Dichotomized by the median value of the distribution.