Table 1.
Characteristics of prospective studies on linoleic acid and incidence of breast cancer
| Study/country | Study name/design | No. of participants/cases | Age range (years) | Follow-up period (years) | Exposure | Menopausal status | RR | 95 % CI | Adjustment for covariates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Murff et al. (2011)( 16 )/China | SWHS/PC | 72 571/712 | 40–70 | 5 | Dietary | Post | >9·27 v. <4·53 g/d: | Age, BMI, TEI, family history of BC, alcohol, tobacco use, education, | |
| 1·13 | 0·82, 1·54 | use of HRT, history of diabetes, age at menopause, age at menarche, parity, age at first pregnancy, PA level, intakes of red meat, fish and vitamin E | |||||||
| Park et al. (2012)( 17 )/USA | Multiethnic Cohorts/PC | 85 089/3885 | 45–75 | 12 | Dietary | Post | ≥9·0 v. <5·7 g/d: | Time on study, age at cohort entry, ethnicity, family history of BC, | |
| 1·02 | 0·92–1·13 | education, BMI, age at menarche, age at first live birth, number of children, age at and type of menopause, HRT, smoking, TEI, alcohol use | |||||||
| Sczaniecka et al. (2012)( 18 )/USA | VITAL study/PC | 30 252/772 | 50–76 | 6 | Dietary | Post | ≥14·58 v. <6·09 g/d: | Age, race, education, height, BMI, age at menarche, age at first birth, | |
| 1·18 | 0·84, 1·66 | age at menopause, history of hysterectomy, years of combined hormone therapy, years of oestrogen hormone therapy, family history of BC, mammography, history of benign breast biopsy, regular use of NSAID, exercise, alcohol consumption, vegetable intake, fruit intake, TEI | |||||||
| Thiebaut et al. (2009)( 19 )/France | E3N/PC | 56 007/1605 | 40–65 | 8 | Dietary | Pre and Post | Quartile V v. quartile I: | Age, non-alcohol energy and ethanol intakes, smoking history, history | |
| 0·92 | 0·79, 1·07 | of benign breast disease, history of BC in first-degree relatives, age at menarche, parity, BMI, menopausal status, age at menopause, use of menopausal hormone treatment | |||||||
| Voorrips et al. (2002)( 20 )/ | NLCS/PC | 2539/941 | 50–69 | 6·3 | Dietary | Post | Quintile 5 v. quintile 1: | Age, history of benign breast disease, maternal BC, BC in one or more | |
| Netherlands | 0·96 | 0·71, 1·31 | sisters, age at menarche, age at menopause, oral contraceptive use, parity, age at first childbirth, Quetelet index, education, alcohol use, current cigarette smoking, TEI, total fat intake | ||||||
| Willett et al. (1992)( 23 )/USA | NHS/PC | 89 494/1439 | 34–59 | 8 | Dietary | Pre and Post | Quintile 5 v. quintile 1: | Age, age at menarche, age at first full-term pregnancy, history of BC, | |
| 0·91 | 0·77, 1·07 | menopausal status, alcohol intake, BMI, total vitamin A intake, TEI | |||||||
| Chajes et al. (2008)( 24 )/France | E3N-EPIC Study/NCC | 1065/363 | 40–65 | 7 | Serum | Pre and Post | Quartile 5 v. quartile 1: | BMI, alcohol consumption, height, menopausal hormone use, | |
| 1·11 | 0·71, 1·74 | educational level, parity, family history of BC, history of benign breast disease | |||||||
| Pala et al. (2001)( 21 )/Italy | ORDET study/PC | 4052/71 | 42–69 | 5·5 | Serum | Post | ≥10·67 v. 10·31 g/d: | None | |
| 0·44 | 0·20, 1·00 | ||||||||
| Rissanen et al. (2003)( 22 )/Finland | Mobile Clinic Health | 8196/27 | 19–89 | 10 | Serum | Pre | >27·98 v. <24·76 g/d: | None | |
| Examination Survey/ PC | 0·33 | 0·10, 1·17 | |||||||
| Rissanen et al. (2003)( 22 )/Finland | Mobile Clinic Health | 8196/31 | 19–89 | 10 | Serum | Post | >24·31 v. <20·46 g/d: | None | |
| Examination Survey/ PC | 0·26 | 0·07, 0·95 | |||||||
| Saadatian-Elahi et al. (2002)( 25 )/ | NYUWHS study/NCC | 182/91 | 34–65 | 4·3 | Serum | Pre | Quartile 4 v. quartile 1: | Age at first full-term birth, family history of BC, history of benign breast | |
| USA | 1·11 | 0·42, 2·94 | disease, total cholesterol | ||||||
| Saadatian-Elahi et al. (2002)( 25 )/ | NYUWHS study/NCC | 212/106 | 34–65 | 4·3 | Serum | Post | Quartile 4 v. quartile 1: | Age at first full-term birth, family history of BC, history of benign breast | |
| USA | 1·04 | 0·40, 2·67 | disease, total cholesterol | ||||||
| Takata et al. (2009)( 26 )/USA | β-Carotene and Retinol | 387/130 | 50–69 | 4·4 | Serum | Post | Quartile 4 v. quartile 1: | Age, study centre, year of enrolment, smoking status at baseline and blood | |
| Efficacy Trial Cohort/NCC | 1·27 | 0·68, 2·38 | draw, BMI or obese, intervention arm, alcohol | ||||||
| Wirfalt et al. (2004)( 27 )/Sweden | Malmo Diet Cancer cohort/NCC | 12 803/237 | 50–70 | 5 | Serum | Post | 0·99 | 0·89, 1·10 | Alcohol habits, current hormone therapy, age at birth of first child, waist circumference, height, BMI |
SWHS, Shanghai Women’s Health Study; PC, prospective cohort study; VITAL, VITamins And Lifestyle; E3N, Etude Epidémiologique auprès de femmes de la Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale; NLCS, Netherland Cohort Study; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; NCC, nested case–control study; ORDET, prospective study of hormones, diet, and prediagnostic breast cancer; NYUWHS, New York University Women’s Health Study; Post, postmenopausal; Pre, premenopausal; TEI, total energy intake; BC, breast cancer; HRT, hormone replacement therapy; PA, physical activity; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.