. 2016 Apr 8;19(15):2675–2687. doi: 10.1017/S1368980016000707

Table 1.

Characteristics of the studies included in the present review

Author and reference	WHO region^*	Country	World Bank income level	Accessibility to fish or marine foods^†	No. of samples	Lactation stage	AA (% of total fatty acids)	DHA (% of total fatty acids)
Rocquelin et al.⁽ ³¹ ⁾	AFR	Congo	Lower-middle	A	102	5 months	0·44	0·55
Glew et al.⁽ ³² ⁾		Nigeria	Lower-middle	A	13	1–4 months	0·6	0·3
Ogunleye et al.⁽ ³³ ⁾		Nigeria	Lower-middle	A	20	60–90 d	0·56	0·34
Okolo et al.⁽ ³⁴ ⁾		Nigeria	Lower-middle	A	15	6–7 months	0·44	0·33
Nyuar et al.⁽ ¹⁰ ⁾		Sudan	Lower-middle	N	32	25–30 d	0·6	0·1
van der Westhuyzen et al.⁽ ³⁵ ⁾		South Africa	Higher-middle	A	12	6 months	0·6	0·2
				A	18	6 months	1·0	0·1
Luxwolda et al.⁽ ¹⁹ ⁾		Tanzania	Low	A	47	3 months	–	0·68
				A	20	3 months	–	0·96
Marín et al.⁽ ³⁶ ⁾	SAR	Argentina	Higher-middle	A	21	1–3 months	0·45	0·13
Martin et al.⁽ ³⁷ ⁾		Bolivia	Lower-middle	A	35	1–3 months	1·06	0·69
Nishimura et al.⁽ ³⁸ ⁾		Brazil	Higher-middle	N	47	15 weeks	0·48	–
Silva et al.⁽ ³⁹ ⁾		Brazil	Higher-middle	N	80	4–13 weeks	0·53	0·14
Yuhas et al.⁽ ⁹ ⁾		Chile	Higher-middle	A	50	≥1 month	0·42	0·43
Innis et al.⁽ ⁴⁰ ⁾	NAR	Canada	High	A	17	1–3 months	0·5	0·2
Ratnayake et al.⁽ ⁴¹ ⁾		Canada	High	A	198	3–4 weeks	0·35	0·14
Yuhas et al.⁽ ⁹ ⁾		Canada	High	A	48	≥1 month	0·37	0·17
Krasevec et al.⁽ ⁴² ⁾		Cuba	Higher-middle	A	52	2 months	0·67	0·43
Van Beusekom et al.⁽ ⁴³ ⁾		Dominica	Higher-middle	A	7	20–22 d	0·5	0·4
Yuhas et al.⁽ ⁹ ⁾		Mexico	Higher-middle	A	46	≥1 month	0·42	0·26
Rueda et al.⁽ ⁴⁴ ⁾		Panama	–	A	8	16–35 d	0·52	0·32
Auestad et al.⁽ ⁴⁵ ⁾		USA	High	N	43	4 months	0·51	0·12
Bitman et al.⁽ ⁴⁶ ⁾		USA	High	N	6	42 d	0·60	0·23
Bopp et al.⁽ ⁴⁷ ⁾		USA	High	A	22	12 months	0·41	0·21
				A	30	12 months	0·38	0·43
Francois et al.⁽ ⁴⁸ ⁾		USA	High	A	14	6 months	0·5	0·2
Francois et al.⁽ ⁴⁹ ⁾		USA	High	A	7	2–11 months	0·4	0·2
Glew et al.⁽ ⁵⁰ ⁾		USA	High	N	19	1–6 months	0·29	0·1
Jensen et al.⁽ ⁵¹ ⁾		USA	High	N	77	4 months	0·44	0·2
Jensen et al.⁽ ⁵² ⁾		USA	High	N	6	2 months	0·53	0·19
Martin et al.⁽ ³⁷ ⁾		USA	High	A	35	1–3 months	0·55	0·16
Putnam et al.⁽ ⁵³ ⁾		USA	High	A	9	8 weeks	0·6	0·1
Specker et al.⁽ ⁵⁴ ⁾		USA	High	A	7	2 months	0·69	0·29
Yuhas et al.⁽ ⁹ ⁾		USA	High	A	49	≥1 month	0·45	0·17
Bahrami & Rahimi⁽ ⁵⁵ ⁾	EMR	Iran	Higher-middle	N	52	6–19 weeks	1·4	–
Hayat et al.⁽ ⁵⁶ ⁾		Kuwait	High	A	19	6–14 weeks	0·54	0·60
Budowski et al.⁽ ⁵⁷ ⁾		Israel	High	A	26	6–10 weeks	0·59	0·38
Saphier et al.⁽ ⁵⁸ ⁾		Israel	High	A	29	3–4 months	0·44	0·17
Smit et al.⁽ ⁵⁹ ⁾		Israel	High	A	10	3–10 months	0·46	0·13
Jørgensen et al.⁽ ⁶⁰ ⁾	EUR	Denmark	High	A	39	4 months	0·30	0·35
Jørgensen et al.⁽ ⁶¹ ⁾		Denmark	High	A	16	1 months	0·56	0·49
				A	17	2 months	0·47	0·43
				A	14	4 months	0·44	0·53
Lauritzen et al.⁽ ⁶² ⁾		Denmark	High	A	14	1 month	0·6	0·51
Luukkainen et al.⁽ ⁶³ ⁾		Finland	High	A	9	4 weeks	0·49	0·3
				A	16	12 weeks	0·33	0·18
				A	14	26 weeks	0·28	0·18
Mäkelä et al.⁽ ⁶⁴ ⁾		Finland	High	A	51	3 months	0·37	0·22
				A	49	3 months	0·39	0·46
Martin et al.⁽ ⁶⁵ ⁾		France	High	A	24	30 d	0·36	0·24
Maurage et al.⁽ ⁶⁶ ⁾		France	High	A	15	6 weeks	0·24	0·14
Harzer et al.⁽ ¹³ ⁾		Germany	High	N	15	3 weeks	0·36	0·15
				N	14	4 weeks	0·39	0·16
				N	15	5 weeks	0·39	0·16
Antonakou et al.⁽ ²⁰ ⁾		Greece	High	A	64	1 months	1·08	0·55
				A	39	3 months	0·89	0·45
				A	24	6 months	0·67	0·52
Decsi et al.⁽ ⁶⁷ ⁾		Hungary	High	N	15	4 months	0·51	0·18
Kovács et al.⁽ ⁶⁸ ⁾		Hungary	High	N	10	3 weeks	0·33	0·11
Mihályi et al.⁽ ⁶⁹ ⁾		Hungary	High	N	61	6 weeks	0·53	0·14
				N	46	6 months	0·46	0·12
Minda et al.⁽ ⁷⁰ ⁾		Hungary	High	N	18	4 weeks	0·59	0·19
Olafsdottir et al.⁽ ⁷¹ ⁾		Iceland	High	A	59	2–4 months	0·32	0·30
Marangoni et al.⁽ ⁷² ⁾		Italy	High	A	73	3 months	0·50	0·35
Marangoni et al.⁽ ⁷³ ⁾		Italy	High	A	10	1 months	0·64	0·3
				A	10	3 months	0·54	0·25
				A	10	6 months	0·50	0·28
				A	10	9 months	0·51	0·25
				A	10	12 months	0·50	0·34
Huisman et al.⁽ ⁷⁴ ⁾		Netherlands	High	A	25	42 d	0·34	0·19
				A	99	89 d	0·34	0·19
Helland et al.⁽ ⁷⁵ ⁾		Norway	High	A	46	1–3 months	0·38	–
				A	36	1–3 months	0·42	0·43
Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz et al.⁽ ⁷⁶ ⁾		Poland	High	A	136	17–30 d	0·47	0·33
Rueda et al.⁽ ⁴⁴ ⁾		Spain	High	A	8	16–35 d	0·69	0·38
Sala-Vila et al.⁽ ⁷⁷ ⁾		Spain	High	A	10	15–30 d	0·49	0·31
Sala-Vila et al.⁽ ⁷⁸ ⁾		Spain	High	A	19	15–30 d	0·41	0·18
Sala-Vila et al.⁽ ⁷⁹ ⁾		Spain	High	A	11	3 months	0·41	0·28
Jørgensen et al.⁽ ⁶¹ ⁾		Sweden	High	A	14	4 months	0·44	0·53
				A	17	2 months	0·47	0·43
				A	16	1 month	0·59	0·49
Storck Lindholm et al.⁽ ⁸⁰ ⁾		Sweden	High	A	19	1 month	0·33	0·37
				A	17	2 months	0·32	0·41
				A	17	1 month	0·37	0·24
				A	14	2 months	0·33	0·22
Xiang et al.⁽ ⁸¹ ⁾		Sweden	High	A	19	3 months	0·08	0·12
Xiang et al.⁽ ⁸² ⁾		Sweden	High	A	19	1 months	0·42	0·28
				A	19	3 months	0·38	0·25
Yu et al.⁽ ⁸³ ⁾		Sweden	High	A	17	1 month	0·46	0·29
				A	17	3 months	0·48	0·24
				A	17	4 months	0·44	0·23
				A	17	6 months	0·34	0·18
Weiss et al.⁽ ⁸⁴ ⁾		Switzerland	High	N	16	16–20 d	1·79	0·71
				N	6	21–25 d	1·49	0·59
				N	7	26–30 d	1·48	0·56
Samur et al.⁽ ²⁹ ⁾		Turkey	Higher-middle	N	50	12–16 weeks	0·46	0·15
Aydin et al.⁽ ⁸⁵ ⁾		Turkey	Higher-middle	N	15	28 d	1·81	0·52
Yuhas et al.⁽ ⁹ ⁾		UK	High	A	44	≥1 month	0·36	0·24
Glew et al.⁽ ⁸⁶ ⁾	ASR	Nepal	Low	N	36	2·9 months	0·43	0·23
Lee et al.⁽ ⁸⁷ ⁾		Sri Lanka	Lower-middle	A	47	6–12 weeks	0·39	0·53
				A	44	6–12 weeks	0·36	0·37
				A	45	6–12 weeks	0·39	0·79
Chen et al.⁽ ⁸⁸ ⁾		China	Higher-middle	N	33	4 weeks	0·79	0·54
				N	33	6 weeks	0·53	0·35
				A	51	4 weeks	0·56	0·53
				A	51	6 weeks	0·52	0·48
Dodge et al. ⁽ ⁸⁹ ⁾		China	Higher-middle	N	10	2–18 months	0·52	0·22
				N	10	2–18 months	0·63	0·28
				N	9	2–18 months	0·35	0·15
Huang et al.⁽ ²¹ ⁾		China	Higher-middle	A	42	42 d	0·93	0·98
Li et al.⁽ ⁹⁰ ⁾		China	Higher-middle	A	25	3 weeks	0·54	0·39
				A	25	3 weeks	0·56	0·42
				N	25	3 weeks	0·63	0·35
				N	11	3 weeks	0·73	0·51
				N	11	3 weeks	0·54	0·29
Peng et al.⁽ ⁹¹ ⁾		China	Higher-middle	A	45	42 d	0·49	0·27
Urwin et al.⁽ ²² ⁾		China	Higher-middle	N	42	2–4 weeks	0·85	0·53
				A	42	2–4 weeks	0·8	0·53
				N	41	2–4 weeks	0·82	0·35
Wan et al.⁽ ⁹² ⁾		China	Higher-middle	N	52	9–12 weeks	0·3	0·19
Xiang et al.⁽ ⁹³ ⁾		China	Higher-middle	N	18	4 weeks	0·63	0·33
				N	23	12 weeks	0·51	0·18
Yuhas et al.⁽ ⁹ ⁾		China	Higher-middle	N	50	1–12 months	0·49	0·35
Ogunleye et al.⁽ ³³ ⁾		Japan	High	A	53	70–100 d	0·36	0·53
Yuhas et al.⁽ ⁹ ⁾		Japan	High	A	51	≥1 month	0·40	0·99
Kneebone et al.⁽ ⁹⁴ ⁾		Malaysia	Higher-middle	A	26	1–6 months	0·47	0·90
				A	10	1–6 months	0·57	0·9
				A	15	1–6 months	0·64	0·71
Yuhas et al.⁽ ⁹ ⁾		Philippines	Lower-middle	A	54	≥1 month	0·39	0·74
Gibson & Kneebone⁽ ⁹⁵ ⁾	OCR	Australia	High	A	61	6 weeks	0·40	0·32
Makrides et al.⁽ ⁹⁶ ⁾		Australia	High	A	23	6 weeks	0·45	0·26
				A	23	16 weeks	0·40	0·21
				A	23	30 weeks	0·39	0·19
Makrides et al.⁽ ⁹⁷ ⁾		Australia	High	A	23	4 months	0·40	0·21
Stoney et al.⁽ ⁹⁸ ⁾		Australia	High	A	36	1 months	0·38	0·26
Yuhas et al.⁽ ⁹ ⁾		Australia	High	A	48	≥1 month	0·38	0·23

AFR, African region; SAR, South American region; NAR, North American region; EMR, Eastern Mediterranean region; EUR, European region; ASR, Asian region; OCR, Oceania region.

^†

A, accessible; N, not accessible.