Table 1.
Mean calorie calculations for pictorial representations of cake only and cake with frosting pictured on the front of fifty-one cake packages in Study 1. Depicting frosting on the front of packaging adds 134% more calories than the serving size recommendation found on the nutritional labelling (‘calories’=kcal; 1 kcal=4·184 kJ)
| Cake only | Cake with frosting | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cake brand | Avg. calories per serving | Avg. calories shown | Avg. change | t test | Avg. calories (frosting) | Total calories shown | Avg. change | t test |
| Betty Crocker (n 20) | 264·00 | 225·70 | −38·30 | 10·08*** | 309·22 | 534·91 | −270·91 | 11·30*** |
| Duncan Hines (n 18) | 246·67 | 287·49 | 40·82 | 4·05*** | 475·13 | 762·62 | −515·95 | 12·93*** |
| Pillsbury (n 13) | 259·23 | 210·00 | −49·23 | 43·69*** | 275·56 | 485·56 | −226·33 | 9·31*** |
| All (n 51) | 256·67 | 243·50 | −13·16 | 1·86 | 359·19 | 602·70 | −346·03 | 14·05*** |
***P<0·001.