. 2015 Apr 10;19(1):123–130. doi: 10.1017/S1368980015000865

Table 2.

Crude associations between excess free fructose (EFF) beverage intakes and asthma prevalence in children aged 2–9 years, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2006

	% of consumers	95 % CI	Asthma (% yes)	P value
AJ^* (n 1961)
≤1 time/month	24·7	21·1, 28·3	6·8	0·020
2–3 times/month	21·1	17·1, 25·0	9·4
1–4 times/week	30·8	27·6, 34·1	16·1
≥5 times/week	23·4	20·2, 26·5	13·1
FD^† (n 1908)
≤1 time/month	25·5	22·1, 29·1	6·6	0·053
2–3 times/month	17·2	14·8, 19·8	15·1
1–4 times/week	30·8	27·7, 34·1	14·5
≥5 times/week	26·5	22·8, 30·6	11·8
ndSD^‡ (n 1858)
≤1 time/month	20·8	17·1, 25·1	11·6	0·932
2–3 times/month	19·9	16·8, 23·5	11·6
1–4 times/week	41·8	37·5, 46·3	11·6
≥5 times/week	17·4	13·9, 21·5	13·5
tEFF^§ (n 1961)
≤1 time/month	3·6	2·2, 5·9	3·7	0·020
2–3 times/month	4·3	3·0, 6·2	2·5
1–4 times/week	36·6	32·1, 41·2	11·0
≥5 times/week	55·5	50·6, 60·3	13·4
OJ^\|\| (n 1961)
≤1 time/month	22·0	18·5, 25·4	12·9	0·924
2–3 times/month	21·1	17·8, 24·4	11·2
1–4 times/week	35·9	31·5, 40·2	11·8
≥5 times/week	21·1	17·3, 24·8	10·7

Significant associations are shown in bold font.

AJ (apple juice) is one of very few foods known to contain fructose in high relative proportion to glucose (approximately 2:1)⁽ ²³ ⁾.

^†

FD (non-diet fruit drinks) corresponds to sweetened fruit beverages, other than juices, known to contain high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) as the main sweetener.

^‡

ndSD (non-diet soft drinks) corresponds to caffeinated and caffeine-free, non-diet soda; in 2003–2006 (the NHANES study period) HFCS was the main sweetener in soda⁽ ⁴⁷ ⁾.

^§

tEFF (total excess free fructose) combines average intake frequency for AJ+FD+ndSD.

^||

OJ (orange juice) is not an EFF beverage and is included for comparison. The ratio of fructose to glucose is approximately 1:1⁽ ²³ ⁾.