Table 1.
Prevalence of food insecurity among people who inject drugs (n 777) by demographic and health characteristics, Los Angeles and San Francisco, 2011–2013
| Characteristic* | No. reporting food insecurity | % | PR | 95 % CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||
| MaleRef. | 319/572 | 55·8 | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Female | 127/203 | 62·6 | 1·12 | 0·99, 1·28 |
| Intersex/hermaphrodite | 1/2 | 50·0 | 0·90 | 0·22, 3·59 |
| Age (years) | ||||
| <30Ref. | 50/80 | 62·5 | 1·00 | Ref. |
| 30–39 | 47/86 | 54·7 | 0·87 | 0·68, 1·13 |
| 40–49 | 141/223 | 63·2 | 1·01 | 0·83, 1·23 |
| ≥50 | 209/388 | 53·9 | 0·86 | 0·71, 1·05 |
| US born | ||||
| NoRef. | 24/42 | 57·1 | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Yes | 423/735 | 57·6 | 1·01 | 0·77, 1·32 |
| City of residence | ||||
| San FranciscoRef. | 224/380 | 58·9 | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Los Angeles | 223/397 | 56·2 | 0·95 | 0·84, 1·08 |
| Income ($US/month) | ||||
| <900Ref. | 258/444 | 58·1 | 1·00 | Ref. |
| 900–1350 | 115/183 | 62·8 | 1·08 | 0·94, 1·24 |
| 1351–2250 | 49/96 | 51·0 | 0·88 | 0·71, 1·08 |
| >2250 | 23/51 | 45·1 | 0·78 | 0·57, 1·06 |
| High-school education or more | ||||
| NoRef. | 161/278 | 57·9 | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Yes | 286/499 | 57·3 | 0·99 | 0·87, 1·12 |
| Race/ethnicity† | ||||
| WhiteRef. | 167/265 | 63·0 | 1·00 | Ref. |
| African American | 125/233 | 53·6 | 0·85 | 0·73, 0·99 |
| Hispanic | 109/192 | 56·8 | 0·90 | 0·77, 1·05 |
| All others | 44/82 | 53·7 | 0·85 | 0·68, 1·06 |
| Currently homeless | ||||
| NoRef. | 145/292 | 49·7 | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Yes | 302/484 | 62·4 | 1·26 | 1·10, 1·44 |
| Sexual orientation | ||||
| HeterosexualRef. | 373/659 | 56·6 | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Lesbian/gay | 16/33 | 48·5 | 0·86 | 0·60, 1·23 |
| Bisexual | 53/77 | 68·8 | 1·22 | 1·03, 1·43 |
| US Armed Forces | ||||
| NoRef. | 403/691 | 58·3 | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Yes | 44/84 | 52·4 | 0·90 | 0·73, 1·11 |
| Diagnosed depression | ||||
| NoRef. | 301/544 | 55·3 | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Yes | 146/233 | 62·7 | 1·13 | 1·00, 1·28 |
| HIV-positive test result | ||||
| NoRef. | 388/687 | 56·5 | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Yes | 35/53 | 66·0 | 1·17 | 0·95, 1·43 |
| Had chest pain in the past 12 months | ||||
| NoRef. | 320/587 | 54·5 | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Yes | 127/189 | 67·2 | 1·23 | 1·09, 1·4 |
| Needed dental care in the past 6 months | ||||
| NoRef. | 185/355 | 52·1 | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Yes | 262/420 | 62·4 | 1·20 | 1·06, 1·36 |
| Health insurance | ||||
| NoRef. | 165/274 | 60·2 | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Yes | 282/502 | 56·2 | 0·93 | 0·82, 1·05 |
PR, prevalence ratio; Ref., reference category.
*
Information was missing for ten or fewer participants for all variables except HIV-positive test result (n 37).
†
‘All others’ includes Asians, Pacific Islanders and Native Americans.