Table 5.
Factors associated with anaemia among infants (aged 6–12 months) and pre-schoolers (aged 29–56 months), Nalgonda district, Telangana, India
| Infants (n 445) | Pre-schoolers (n 263) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Risk | OR | 95 % CI | P | OR | 95 % CI | P |
| Model 1 | |||||||
| Child factors | |||||||
| Sex | Boy | 1·42 | 0·91, 2·21 | 0·126 | 1·20 | 0·69, 2·11 | 0·522 |
| Age | Infants (9–12 months), pre-schoolers (29–35 months) | 1·20 | 0·73, 1·96 | 0·471 | 1·92 | 1·18, 3·13 | 0·009 |
| Any illness symptoms in past 15 d | Yes | 0·89 | 0·57, 1·38 | 0·603 | 0·70 | 0·40, 1·22 | 0·208 |
| Zn | <10·0 µmol/l‡ | – | – | – | 1·49 | 0·44, 5·06 | 0·525 |
| CRP | ≥5 mg/l | 1·69 | 0·91, 3·13 | 0·095 | 4·39 | 1·91, 10·06 | <0·001 |
| sTfR/log ferritin | ≥1·9 mg/µg | 2·21 | 1·39, 3·54 | 0·001 | 5·29 | 2·67, 10·50 | <0·001 |
| Vitamin B12 | <148 pmol/l | 1·33 | 0·77, 2·29 | 0·313 | 0·95 | 0·30, 3·06 | 0·939 |
| WAZ | <−2 | 0·93 | 0·50, 1·75 | 0·826 | 0·65 | 0·30, 1·40 | 0·270 |
| HAZ | <−2 | 1·46 | 0·79, 2·70 | 0·231 | 1·29 | 0·63, 2·62 | 0·488 |
| DDS | ≤3/≤7§ | 1·51 | 0·93, 2·46 | 0·095 | 1·13 | 0·56, 2·27 | 0·730 |
| Birth weight | <2·5 kg | 0·98 | 0·53, 1·83 | 0·954 | 1·94 | 0·95, 3·96 | 0·068 |
| Maternal/social factors | |||||||
| SLI | <24 | 0·86 | 0·51, 1·46 | 0·584 | 1·02 | 0·66, 1·56 | 0·938 |
| Maternal anaemia | <120 g/l|| | 3·31 | 2·10, 5·23 | <0·001 | 3·77 | 1·94, 7·30 | <0·001 |
| Maternal BMI | <18·5 kg/m2 | 1·21 | 0·78, 1·88 | 0·403 | 0·88 | 0·47, 1·64 | 0·693 |
| Maternal education | Illiterate and primary level education | 1·38 | 0·83, 2·32 | 0·217 | 1·90 | 0·88, 4·09 | 0·102 |
| Family size | >4 | 0·74 | 0·44, 1·26 | 0·270 | 1·11 | 0·59, 2·06 | 0·752 |
| Food security | Not secure | 1·40 | 0·71, 2·74 | 0·335 | 1·66 | 0·68, 4·07 | 0·269 |
| Model 2* | |||||||
| Ferritin | <12 µg/l | 1·81 | 1·10, 2·99 | 0·020 | 3·13 | 1·73, 5·65 | <0·001 |
| Model 3† | |||||||
| sTfR | >2·5 mg/l | 1·54 | 0·97, 2·45 | 0·068 | 8·41 | 4·78, 14·79 | <0·001 |
CRP, C-reactive protein; sTfR, soluble transferrin receptor; WAZ, weight-for-age Z-score; HAZ, length/height-for-age Z-score; DDS, dietary diversity score; SLI, standard of living index.
*
In model 2, sTfR/log ferritin replaced with ferritin.
†
In model 1, sTfR/log ferritin replaced with sTfR.
‡
Low prevalence of plasma Zn<10·0 µmol/l to include in the model to compute OR for infants.
§
≤3/≤7 for infants and pre-schoolers, respectively. The results are based on logistic regression analysis. The analysis for pre-schoolers considered the cluster design.
||
Hb cut-off of 110 g/l for pregnant women.