Table 2.
Hazard ratios (HR) for total mortality associated with intake of fast-food items (FFI) and sugar-sweetened drinks (SSD) among older adults (n 69 582) enrolled in the Vitamins and Lifestyle (VITAL) study in 2000–2002
| Participants | Deaths | Model 1* | Model 2† | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | Crude rate (%) | HR | 95 % CI | P trend | HR | 95 % CI | P trend | |
| FFI (servings/week) | <0·0001 | 0·008 | ||||||||
| 0–0·5 | 18 087 | 26·0 | 930 | 5·1 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | ||
| 0·6–1·3 | 17 087 | 24·6 | 980 | 5·7 | 1·18 | 1·07, 1·29 | 1·08 | 0·98, 1·19 | ||
| 1·4–2·4 | 17 199 | 24·7 | 1048 | 6·1 | 1·28 | 1·17, 1·40 | 1·10 | 0·99, 1·22 | ||
| ≥2·5 | 17 209 | 24·7 | 1229 | 7·1 | 1·56 | 1·42, 1·70 | 1·16 | 1·04, 1·29 | ||
| SSD (servings/week) | <0·0001 | <0·0001 | ||||||||
| 0–0·1 | 26 538 | 38·2 | 1618 | 6·1 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | ||
| 0·2–0·4 | 12 400 | 17·8 | 678 | 5·5 | 0·92 | 0·84, 1·00 | 1·08 | 0·98, 1·19 | ||
| 0·5–2·7 | 17 546 | 25·2 | 998 | 5·7 | 0·98 | 0·91, 1·09 | 1·10 | 1·01, 1·19 | ||
| ≥2·8 | 13 098 | 18·8 | 893 | 6·8 | 1·25 | 1·15, 1·35 | 1·19 | 1·08, 1·30 | ||
Ref., referent category.
Adjusted for age and sex.
Model 1 plus race/ethnicity, marital status (married/living together, never married, separated/divorced, widowed), education (≤high school graduate, some college, college/advanced degree), annual income (<$US 40 000, $US 40 000–59 999, $US 60 000–79 999, ≥$US 80 000, missing), BMI at age 45 years (<18·5 kg/m2, 18·5–24·9 kg/m2, 25·0–29·9 kg/m2, ≥30·0 kg/m2, missing), average yearly change in BMI from age 45 years, morbidity score ‡, self-rated health (excellent, very good, good, fair, poor), current use of cholesterol-lowering medication (yes/no), aspirin use in last 10 years (none, low, high, missing), non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use in last 10 years (none, low, high, missing), years of oestrogen therapy (none, <5, 5–9, ≥10), years of oestrogen plus progestin therapy (none, <5, 5–9, ≥10), age at menopause (<40, 40–44, 45–49, 50–54, ≥55 years), age at death of father (<60, 60–69, 70–79, 80–89, ≥90 years), age at death of mother (<60, 60–69, 70–79, 80–89, ≥90 years), average physical activity in 10 years before baseline (tertiles of MET×h/week, where MET is metabolic equivalents of task), smoking status (never, former, current), average alcohol intake (tertiles of g/d), mammogram in past 2 years (yes/no), prostrate-specific antigen test in the last 2 years (yes/no), sigmoidoscopy in the last 10 years (yes/no), number of servings/d of fruits (quartiles), number of servings/d of vegetables (quartiles) and total daily energy intake (continuous).
Using Cox regression, the following conditions (yes/no) were modelled simultaneously in sex-specific and age-adjusted models to obtain morbidity score: current use of medication for depression or anxiety; current use of blood pressure medication; history of cancer of the lung, colon, bladder, pancreas, breast, cervix, uterus, ovaries, and all other sites combined except non-melanoma skin cancer (all as separate variables); IHD (defined as history of heart attack, coronary bypass surgery, angioplasty, or diagnosis of angina); stroke; congestive heart failure; rheumatoid arthritis; diabetes; viral hepatitis; cirrhosis of the liver; other chronic liver disease; emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; kidney disease; ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease; Parkinson’s disease; and osteoporosis in women.