Table 4.
Hazard ratios (HR)* for cause-specific mortality associated with quartiles of intake of fast-food items (FFI) and sugar-sweetened drinks (SSD) among older adults (n 69 582) enrolled in the Vitamins and Lifestyle (VITAL) study in 2000–2002
| Quartile of FFI intake (servings/week) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (0–0·5) | 2 (0·6–1·3) | 3 (1·4–2·4) | 4 (≥2·5) | |||||||
| No. of deaths | Ref. | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | P trend | P interaction | |
| Death from CVD† | 0·87 | |||||||||
| Total | 1066 | 1·00 | 1·03 | 0·85, 1·26 | 1·05 | 0·86, 1·29 | 1·19 | 0·96, 1·47 | 0·12 | |
| No CVD history | 192 | 1·00 | 1·03 | 0·79, 1·33 | 1·05 | 0·81, 1·38 | 1·15 | 0·87, 1·53 | 0·32 | |
| CVD history | 874 | 1·00 | 1·09 | 0·80, 1·49 | 1·11 | 0·81, 1·51 | 1·27 | 0·91, 1·76 | 0·18 | |
| Death from cancer‡ | ||||||||||
| Total | 1933 | 1·00 | 1·11 | 0·97, 1·28 | 1·07 | 0·92, 1·24 | 1·21 | 1·03, 1·42 | 0·04 | 0·39 |
| No cancer history | 505 | 1·00 | 1·04 | 0·87, 1·26 | 1·17 | 0·96, 1·41 | 1·35 | 1·10, 1·65 | 0·002 | |
| Cancer history | 1430 | 1·00 | 1·23 | 0·99, 1·53 | 0·93 | 0·74, 1·18 | 1·01 | 0·79, 1·30 | 0·52 | |
| Quartile of SSD intake (servings/week) | ||||||||||
| 1 (0–0·1) | 2 (0·2–0·4) | 3 (0·5–2·7) | 4 (≥2·8) | |||||||
| No. of deaths | Ref. | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | P trend | P interaction | |
| Death from CVD† | 0·47 | |||||||||
| Total | 1066 | 1·00 | 0·92 | 0·75, 1·12 | 1·06 | 0·89, 1·25 | 1·05 | 0·87, 1·27 | 0·45 | |
| No CVD history | 192 | 1·00 | 1·17 | 0·91, 1·50 | 1·18 | 0·95, 1·47 | 1·12 | 0·88, 1·44 | 0·22 | |
| CVD history | 874 | 1·00 | 0·62 | 0·44, 0·88 | 0·95 | 0·73, 1·23 | 0·97 | 0·73, 1·29 | 0·85 | |
| Death from cancer‡ | 0·90 | |||||||||
| Total | 1933 | 1·00 | 1·06 | 0·92, 1·21 | 1·02 | 0·90, 1·16 | 1·15 | 1·00, 1·32 | 0·09 | |
| No cancer history | 505 | 1·00 | 1·00 | 0·83, 1·20 | 1·09 | 0·93, 1·28 | 1·23 | 1·04, 1·47 | 0·02 | |
| Cancer history | 1430 | 1·00 | 1·12 | 0·90, 1·38 | 0·89 | 0·73, 1·09 | 1·04 | 0·84, 1·29 | 0·82 | |
Ref., referent category.
All models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, marital status (married/living together, never married, separated/divorced, widowed), education (≤high-school graduate, some college, college/advanced degree), annual income (<$US 40 000, $US 40 000–59 999, $US 60 000–79 999, ≥$US 80 000, missing), BMI at age 45 years (<18·5 kg/m2, 18·5–24·9 kg/m2, 25·0–29·9 kg/m2, ≥30·0 kg/m2, missing), average yearly change in BMI from age 45 years, self-rated health (excellent, very good, good, fair, poor), current use of cholesterol-lowering medication (yes/no), aspirin use in last 10 years (none, low, high, missing), non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use in last 10 years (none, low, high, missing), average physical activity in 10 years before baseline (tertiles of MET×h/week, where MET is metabolic equivalents of task), smoking status (never, former, current), average alcohol intake (tertiles of g/d), mammogram in past 2 years (yes/no), prostrate-specific antigen test in the last 2 years (yes/no), sigmoidoscopy in the last 10 years (yes/no), number of servings/d of fruits (quartiles), number of servings/d of vegetables (quartiles) and total daily energy intake (continuous).
Also adjusted for history of CVD (yes/no, defined as history of heart attack, coronary bypass surgery, angioplasty, stroke, congestive heart failure, or diagnosis of angina), family history of heart attack (number of relatives, 0, 1, ≥2), current use of blood pressure medication (yes/no), years of oestrogen therapy (none, <5, 5–9, ≥10) and years of oestrogen plus progestin therapy (none, <5, 5–9, ≥10).
Also adjusted for history of cancer other than non-melanoma skin cancer (yes/no), family history of cancer (number of relatives, 0, 1, ≥2), years of oestrogen therapy (none, <5, 5–9, ≥10), years of oestrogen plus progestin therapy (none, <5, 5–9, ≥10), age at menopause (<40, 40–44, 45–49, 50–54, ≥55 years) and age at menarche (<12, 12, 13, ≥14 years).